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Bergamotene
Bergamotenes are a group of isomeric chemical compounds with the molecular formula C15H24. The bergamotenes are found in a variety of plants, particularly in their essential oils. There are two structural isomers, α-bergamotene and β-bergamotene, which differ only by the location of a double bond. Both of these isomers have stereoisomers, the most common of which are known as the ''cis'' and ''trans''-isomers (or endo- and exo-isomers). α-Bergamotene is found in the oils of carrot, bergamot, lime, citron, cottonseed, and kumquat. Pheromones The bergamotenes are pheromones for some insects. For example, β-''trans''-bergamotene is a pheromone for the wasp '' Melittobia digitata''. Plants can defend themselves against attack by herbivorous insects by producing pheromones such as bergamotenes that attract predators of those herbivores. In a more complex relationship, the tobacco plant ''Nicotiana attenuata'' emits α-''trans''-bergamotene from its flowers at night to at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
(-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene Synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl Diphosphate Cyclizing)
(+)-''endo''-α-Bergamotene synthase (EC 4.2.3.54, (2''Z'',6''Z'')-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing) (SBS) is an enzyme with systematic name (2''Z'',6''Z'')-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (cyclizing; (+)-''endo''-α-bergamotene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : (2''Z'',6''Z'')-farnesyl diphosphate \rightleftharpoons (–)-''endo''-α-bergamotene + diphosphate The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoid Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations. Biochemical modificati ...s from (2''Z'',6''Z'')-farnesyl diphosphate. References External links * {{Portal bar, Biology, border=no EC 4.2.3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
(+)-endo-beta-bergamotene Synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl Diphosphate Cyclizing)
(+)-''endo''-β-Bergamotene synthase (EC 4.2.3.53, (2''Z'',6''Z'')-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing) (SBS) is an enzyme with systematic name (2''Z'',6''Z'')-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (cyclizing; (+)-''endo''-β-bergamotene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : (2''Z'',6''Z'')-farnesyl diphosphate \rightleftharpoons (+)-''endo''-β-bergamotene + diphosphate The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoid Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations. Biochemical modificati ...s from (2''Z'',6''Z'')-farnesyl diphosphate. References External links * {{Portal bar, Biology, border=no EC 4.2.3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exo-alpha-bergamotene Synthase
''exo''-α-Bergamotene synthase (EC 4.2.3.81, ''trans''-α-bergamotene synthase, LaBERS (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name (2''E'',6''E'')-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (cyclizing, (–)-''exo''-α-bergamotene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction: : (2''E'',6''E'')-farnesyl diphosphate \rightleftharpoons (–)-''exo''-α-bergamotene + diphosphate The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoid Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations. Biochemical modificati ...s from (2''E'',6''E'')-farnesyl diphosphate. References External links * {{Portal bar, Biology, border=no EC 4.2.3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kumquat
Kumquats (; zh, 金桔), or cumquats in Australian English, are a group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae. Their taxonomy is disputed. They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus ''Fortunella'' or placed within ''Citrus'', . Different classifications have alternatively assigned them to anywhere from a single species, ''C. japonica'', to numerous species representing each cultivar. Recent genomic analysis would define three pure species, ''Citrus hindsii'', ''C. margarita'' and ''C. crassifolia'', with ''C. x japonica'' being a hybrid of the last two. The edible fruit closely resembles the orange (''Citrus sinensis'') in color and shape but is much smaller, being approximately the size of a large olive. The kumquat is a fairly cold-hardy citrus. Etymology The English name "kumquat" is a borrowing of the Cantonese ''gāmgwāt'' (). Origin The kumquat plant is native to Southern China. The historical reference to kum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melittobia Digitata
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fumagillin
Fumagillin is a complex biomolecule and used as an antimicrobial agent. It was isolated in 1949 from the microbial organism ''Aspergillus fumigatus''. Uses In animals It was originally used against microsporidian parasites ''Nosema apis'' infections in honey bees. Some studies found it to be effective against some myxozoan parasites, including ''Myxobolus cerebralis,'' an important parasite of fish; however, in the more rigorous tests required for U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, it was ineffective. There are reports that fumagillin controls ''Nosema ceranae'', which has recently been hypothesized as a possible cause of colony collapse disorder. The latest report, however, has shown it to be ineffective against ''N. ceranae''. Fumagillin is also investigated as an inhibitor of malaria parasite growth. In humans Fumagillin has been used in the treatment of microsporidiosis. It is also an amebicide. Fumagillin can block blood vessel formation by binding to an enzyme m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate
Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), also known as farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids such as sterols and carotenoids. It is also used in the synthesis of CoQ (part of the electron transport chain), as well as dehydrodolichol diphosphate (a precursor of dolichol, which transports proteins to the ER lumen for ''N''-glycosylation). Biosynthesis Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (a prenyl transferase) catalyzes sequential condensation reactions of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate with 2 units of 3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate to form farnesyl pyrophosphate, as is shown in the following two steps: * Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate reacts with 3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate to form geranyl pyrophosphate: * Geranyl pyrophosphate then reacts with another molecule of 3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate to form farnesyl pyrophosphate Pharmacology The above reactions are inhibited by bisphosphonates (used for osteoporosis). Farnesyl pyrophosphate is a sel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is usually synonymous with anabolism. The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may require coenzymes (e.g.NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (german: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes. Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany. Mission According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports fundamental research in the natural, life and social sciences, the arts and humanities in its 86 (as of December 2018) Max Planck Institutes. The society has a total staff of approximately 17,000 permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests. The society's budget for 2018 was about €1.8 billion. As of December 31, 2018, the Max Planck Society employed a total of 23,767 staff, of whom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tobacco Hawk Moth
''Manduca sexta'' is a moth of the family Sphingidae present through much of the Americas. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 ''Centuria Insectorum''. Commonly known as the Carolina sphinx moth and the tobacco hawk moth (as adults) and the tobacco hornworm and the Goliath worm (as larvae), it is closely related to and often confused with the very similar tomato hornworm (''Manduca quinquemaculata''); the larvae of both feed on the foliage of various plants of the family Solanaceae. The tobacco hornworm is sometimes kept as a pet by children throughout its range. The larvae of these species can be distinguished by their lateral markings: Tomato hornworms have eight V-shaped white markings with no borders; tobacco hornworms have seven white diagonal lines with a black border. Additionally, tobacco hornworms have red horns, while tomato hornworms have dark blue or black horns. A mnemonic to remember the markings is tobacco hornworms have straight white lin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotiana Attenuata
''Nicotiana attenuata'' is a species of wild tobacco known by the common name coyote tobacco. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Texas and northern Mexico, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a glandular and sparsely hairy annual herb exceeding a meter in maximum height. The leaf blades may be long, the lower ones oval and the upper narrower in shape, and are borne on petioles. The inflorescence bears several flowers with pinkish or greenish white tubular throats long, their bases enclosed in pointed sepals. The flower face has five mostly white lobes. The fruit is a capsule about long. Natural history Introduction ''Nicotiana attenuata'' has been utilized as an ecological model species since 1994, thanks in large part to its diverse interactions with a host of different plants, insects, and microorganisms in its native habitat. Work at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena, Germany, has been instrumental in integra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isomer
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers. Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical properties. Two main forms of isomerism are structural or constitutional isomerism, in which ''bonds'' between the atoms differ; and stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism, in which the bonds are the same but the ''relative positions'' of the atoms differ. Isomeric relationships form a hierarchy. Two chemicals might be the same constitutional isomer, but upon deeper analysis be stereoisomers of each other. Two molecules that are the same stereoisomer as each other might be in different conformational forms or be different isotopologues. The depth of analysis depends on the field of study or the chemical and physical properties of interest. The English word "isomer" () is a back-for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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