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Atromentic Acid
Atromentic acid is a red-organge pigment found in fungi within the Boletales group. It is the precursor to variegatic acid and xerocomic acid, and is preceded by atromentin. As an example, it is isolated from ''Serpula lacrymans''. It is soluble in methanol. Variants include homoatromentic acid. This pigment has been studied and elucidated by Wolfgang Steglich and colleagues over decades. When atromentin is oxidised with hydrogen peroxide a yellow product is produced. A sodium hydroxide solution is also yellow, but when this is neutralized with acid the red atromentic acid crystallises. Concentrated potassium hydroxide breaks up the compound to p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and oxalic acid Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and formula . It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its name comes from the fact that early inve .... References {{Reflist, refs= Gill, M., and St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boletales
The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types. Taxonomy The order Boletales originally was created to describe boletes, but based on micromorphological and molecular phylogenetic characteristics, a large number of nonbolete species have recently been reclassified to belong to this group, as well. The order also includes some gilled mushrooms, in the families Gomphidiaceae, Serpulaceae, Tapinellaceae, Hygrophoropsidaceae, and Paxillaceae, which often have the same flesh texture as the boletes, spore-bearing tissue which is also easily separable from the cap, and similar microscopic characteristics of spores and cystidia. Taxonomic studies using secondary metabolites and later ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variegatic Acid
Variegatic acid (3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxypulvinic acid) is an orange pigment found in some mushrooms. It is responsible for the bluing reaction seen in many bolete mushrooms when they are injured. When mushroom tissue containing variegatic acid is exposed to air, the chemical is enzymatically oxidized to blue quinone methide anions, specifically chinonmethid anions. It is derived from xerocomic acid, which is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin, and its genetic basis is unknown. In its oxidized form (due to the production of a second lactone ring) is variegatorubin, similar to xerocomorubin. It was first isolated from '' Suillus variegatus''. It has strong antioxidant properties, and a nonspecific inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes. A total synthesis was reported in 2001 that uses a Suzuki cross coupling reaction. It was found antibiotically inactive against an array of bacteria and fungi using the disk diffusion assay at 50 μg. However, at similar concentrat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xerocomic Acid
Xerocomic acid is a red-orange pigment found in fungi of the order ''Boletales'' (and is named after the genus ''Xerocomus''). It is the precursor to variegatic acid, and is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin. As an example, it is isolated from ''Serpula lacrymans''. It is soluble in methanol. An oxidase acting on xerocomic acid is responsible for the "bluing" reaction seen in mushrooms. Condensation of two units of xerocomic acid form the pigments sclerocitrin, badione A, and also norbadione A, which are found in the mushroom ''Scleroderma citrinum'' Pers. Variants include isoxerocomic acid Isoxerocomic acid is a red-orange pigment found in ''Boletales''. It is the precursor to variegatic acid, and is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin. As an example, it is isolated from ''Serpula lacrymans''. It is soluble in methanol. It i ... and ''O''-methylxerocomic acid. References {{Reflist, refs= {{cite book, last1=Gill, first1=M., last2=Steglich, first2= W., year=19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atromentin
Atromentin is a natural chemical compound found in Agaricomycetes fungi in the orders Agaricales and Thelephorales. It can also be prepared by laboratory synthesis. Chemically, it is a polyphenol and a benzoquinone. Occurrences Atromentin has been found in cultures of ''Clitocybe subilludens'' and in extracts of ''Hydnellum peckii''. The first enzymes in its biosynthesis have been characterized in ''Tapinella panuoides''. One of those is called atromentin synthetase. Biological activities A number of potential biological activities of atromentin have been studied ''in vitro''. Atromentin possesses ''in vitro'' antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids) in the bacteria ''Streptococcus pneumoniae''. Atromentin has been shown to be a smooth muscle stimulant. It also induces apoptosis in isolated human leukemia U937 cells. It is also an anticoagulant. Genetic and enzymatic basis of atrom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serpula Lacrymans
''Serpula lacrymans'' is one of the fungi that cause damage to timber referred to as dry rot. It is a basidiomycete in the order Boletales. The ''Serpula lacrymans'' has the ability to rapidly colonise sites through unique and highly specialised mycelium which also leads to greater degradation rates of wood cellulose. Taxonomy The species was first described under the name ''Boletus lacrymans'' by Franz Xavier von Wulfen in 1781. It was transferred to the genus ''Serpula'' by Petter Karsten in 1884. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words ''serpula'' for "creeping" (as in a serpent) and ''lacrymans'', meaning "making tears". Environment ''Serpula lacrymans'' has a preference for temperatures of but can survive any temperature from . It is not clear how much light is needed to promote ''Serpula lacrymans'' growth. In terms of aeration ''Serpula lacrymans'' often grows near ventilation shafts which shows a preference for concentrated oxygen. A moisture content of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolfgang Steglich
Wolfgang Steglich (born 12 August 1933) is a German chemist . Life Wolfgang Steglich was born in Kamenz and studied chemistry at the Technical University of Berlin and later at the Technical University of Munich where he received his PhD in 1960 for work with Friedrich Weygand. Following a postdoc stay with Sir Derek H. R. Barton at the Imperial College London, Wolfgang Steglich completed his habilitation at the Technical University of Munich. After Friedrich Weygand's decease in 1969, Steglich was in charge of the Weygand chair until he became a full professor at the Technical University of Berlin in 1971. In 1975, he was appointed a professorship at the University of Bonn. He succeeded Rolf Huisgen as head of the organic chemistry department of the University of Munich in 1991. Wolfgang Steglich retired in 2001. Work The use of 4-dimethylaminopyridine for esterifications with anhydrides, which is sometimes called the Steglich esterification, his studies on the metabolis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
P-hydroxyphenylacetic Acid
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a chemical compound found in olive oil and beer. Synthesis 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is obtained by reducing 4-hydroxymandelic acid with elemental phosphorus and iodine. Uses In industry, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is an intermediate used to synthesize atenolol Atenolol is a beta blocker medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure and heart-associated chest pain. Atenolol, however, does not seem to improve mortality in those with high blood pressure. Other uses include the prevention of mi ..., 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and coclaurine. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 4- Phenols Acetic acids Hydroxy acids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalic Acid
Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and formula . It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its name comes from the fact that early investigators isolated oxalic acid from flowering plants of the genus ''Oxalis'', commonly known as wood-sorrels. It occurs naturally in many foods. Excessive ingestion of oxalic acid or prolonged skin contact can be dangerous. Oxalic acid has much greater acid strength than acetic acid. It is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate (), is a chelating agent for metal cations. Typically, oxalic acid occurs as the dihydrate with the formula . History The preparation of salts of oxalic acid (crab acid) from plants had been known, at least since 1745, when the Dutch botanist and physician Herman Boerhaave isolated a salt from wood sorrel. By 1773, François Pierre Savary of Fribourg, Switzerland had isolated oxalic acid from i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboxylic Acids
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group () attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is or , with R referring to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other group. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion. Examples and nomenclature Carboxylic acids are commonly identified by their trivial names. They at oftentimes have the suffix ''-ic acid''. IUPAC-recommended names also exist; in this system, carboxylic acids have an ''-oic acid'' suffix. For example, butyric acid (C3H7CO2H) is butanoic acid by IUPAC guidelines. For nomenclature of complex molecules containing a carboxylic acid, the carboxyl can be considered position one of the parent chain even if there are other substituents, such as 3-chloropropanoic acid. Alternately, it can be named as a "carboxy" or "carboxylic acid" substituent on another ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triols
In chemistry, a triol is a chemical compound containing three hydroxyl groups ( functional groups), such as . See also * , chemical compounds with one hydroxyl group * , chemical compounds with two hydroxyl groups *Polyols
In organic chemistry, a polyol is an organic c ...
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