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Auditory Display
Auditory display is the use of sound to communicate information from a computer to the user. The primary forum for exploring these techniques is the International Community for Auditory Display (ICAD), which was founded by Gregory Kramer in 1992 as a forum for research in the field. Types of auditory display * Audification: a technique for listening to a large time series by mapping values directly to sound pressure levels * Sonification: the use of non-speech audio to convey information or perceptualize data * Earcons / auditory icons: brief, distinctive sounds used to represent a specific event or convey other information * Voice messaging A voicemail system (also known as voice message or voice bank) is a computer-based system that allows users and subscribers to exchange personal voice messages; to select and deliver voice information; and to process transactions relating to ind ...: the automated use of speech synthesis or recorded speech samples to convey precise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Community For Auditory Display
The International Community for Auditory Display (ICAD), founded in 1992, provides an annual conference for research in auditory display, the use of sound to display information. Research and implementation of sonification, audification, earcons and speech synthesis are central interests of the ICAD. ICAD is home to auditory display researchers, who come from different disciplines, through its conference and peer-reviewed proceedings. Auditory display researchers have various backgrounds in science, arts, and humanities, like computer science, cognitive science, human factors, systematic musicology and soundscape design. Most of the proceedings are freely available through the Georgia Tech SMARTech repository. Auditory display professionals are board members of ICAD. This ICAD presidency has been held by Gregory Kramer Gregory Paul Kramer (born 14 October 1952, in Los Angeles, California), is a composer, researcher, inventor, meditation teacher and author. In 1975 he co-founde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gregory Kramer
Gregory Paul Kramer (born 14 October 1952, in Los Angeles, California), is a composer, researcher, inventor, meditation teacher and author. In 1975 he co-founded Electronic Musicmobile, a pioneer synthesizer ensemble later renamed Electronic Art Ensemble, in which Kramer was a musician and the principal composer. His pioneering work extended to developing synthesizer and related equipment. Kramer also co-founded the not-for-profit arts organization Harvestworks in New York City. He is recognized as the founding figure of the intensely cross-disciplinary field of data sonification. Since 1980, Kramer teaches Buddhist meditation. He is credited as co-founder of Insight Dialogue, an interpersonal meditation practice. Kramer is the author of several books in diverse fields, as well as (co-)author of scientific papers in the field of data sonification. Career Musician/composer From 1975, Kramer was a founding memberThe Post-Star, 7/28 1977 of Electronic Musicmobile, an electronic music ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Audification
Audification is an auditory display technique for representing a sequence of data values as sound. By definition, it is described as a "direct translation of a data waveform to the audible domain." Audification interprets a data sequence and usually a time series, as an audio waveform where input data are mapped to sound pressure levels. Various signal processing techniques are used to assess data features. The technique allows the listener to hear periodic components as frequencies. Audification typically requires large data sets with periodic components. Audification is most commonly applied to get the most direct and simple representation of data from sound and to convert it into a visual. In most cases it will always be used for taking sounds and breaking it down in a way that we can visually understand it and construct more data from it. History The idea of audification was introduced in 1992 by Greg Kramer, initially as a sonification technique. This was the beginning of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Time Series
In mathematics, a time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time. Thus it is a sequence of discrete-time data. Examples of time series are heights of ocean tides, counts of sunspots, and the daily closing value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. A time series is very frequently plotted via a run chart (which is a temporal line chart). Time series are used in statistics, signal processing, pattern recognition, econometrics, mathematical finance, weather forecasting, earthquake prediction, electroencephalography, control engineering, astronomy, communications engineering, and largely in any domain of applied science and engineering which involves temporal measurements. Time series ''analysis'' comprises methods for analyzing time series data in order to extract meaningful statistics and other characteristics of the data. Time series ''forecasting' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sound Pressure
Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium) atmospheric pressure, caused by a sound wave. In air, sound pressure can be measured using a microphone, and in water with a hydrophone. The SI unit of sound pressure is the pascal (Pa). Mathematical definition A sound wave in a transmission medium causes a deviation (sound pressure, a ''dynamic'' pressure) in the local ambient pressure, a ''static'' pressure. Sound pressure, denoted ''p'', is defined by p_\text = p_\text + p, where * ''p''total is the total pressure, * ''p''stat is the static pressure. Sound measurements Sound intensity In a sound wave, the complementary variable to sound pressure is the particle velocity. Together, they determine the sound intensity of the wave. ''Sound intensity'', denoted I and measured in W· m−2 in SI units, is defined by \mathbf I = p \mathbf v, where * ''p'' is the sound pressure, * v is the particle velocity. Acoustic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sonification
Sonification is the use of non-speech audio to convey information or perceptualize data. Auditory perception has advantages in temporal, spatial, amplitude, and frequency resolution that open possibilities as an alternative or complement to visualization techniques. For example, the rate of clicking of a Geiger counter conveys the level of radiation in the immediate vicinity of the device. Though many experiments with data sonification have been explored in forums such as the International Community for Auditory Display (ICAD), sonification faces many challenges to widespread use for presenting and analyzing data. For example, studies show it is difficult, but essential, to provide adequate context for interpreting sonifications of data. Many sonification attempts are coded from scratch due to the lack of flexible tooling for sonification research and data exploration. History The Geiger counter, invented in 1908, is one of the earliest and most successful applications of sonific ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Earcon
An earcon is a brief, distinctive sound that represents a specific event or conveys other information. Earcons are a common feature of computer operating systems and applications, ranging from a simple beep to indicate an error, to the customizable sound schemes of modern operating systems that indicate startup, shutdown, and other events. The name is a pun on the more familiar term icon in computer interfaces. Icon sounds like "eye-con" and is visual, which inspired D.A. Sumikawa to coin "earcon" as the auditory equivalent in a 1985 article, 'Guidelines for the integration of audio cues into computer user interfaces.' The term is most commonly applied to sound cues in a computer interface, but examples of the concept occur in broadcast media such as radio and television: * The alert signal that indicates a message from the Emergency Broadcast System * The signature three-tone melody that identifies NBC in radio and television broadcasts Earcons are generally synthesized tones or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voicemail
A voicemail system (also known as voice message or voice bank) is a computer-based system that allows users and subscribers to exchange personal voice messages; to select and deliver voice information; and to process transactions relating to individuals, organizations, products, and services, using an ordinary phone. The term is also used more broadly to denote any system of conveying a stored telecommunications voice messages, including using an answering machine. Most cell phone services offer voicemail as a basic feature; many corporate private branch exchanges include versatile internal voice-messaging services, and *98 vertical service code subscription is available to most individual and small business landline subscribers (in the US). History The term ''Voicemail'' was coined by Televoice International (later Voicemail International, or VMI) for their introduction of the first US-wide Voicemail service in 1980. Although VMI trademarked the term, it eventually became a gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speech Synthesis
Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech. The reverse process is speech recognition. Synthesized speech can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded speech that are stored in a database. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units; a system that stores phones or diphones provides the largest output range, but may lack clarity. For specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for high-quality output. Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of the vocal tract and other human voice characteristics to create a completely "synthetic" voice output. The quality of a speech synthesizer is judged by its similarity to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Screen Reader
A screen reader is a form of assistive technology (AT) that renders text and image content as speech or braille output. Screen readers are essential to people who are blindness, blind, and are useful to people who are visual impairment, visually impaired, Illiteracy, illiterate, or have a learning disability. Screen readers are Application software, software applications that attempt to convey what people with normal eyesight see on a Display device, display to their users via non-visual means, like text-to-speech, sound icons, or a Refreshable Braille display, braille device. They do this by applying a wide variety of techniques that include, for example, interacting with dedicated #Accessibility APIs, accessibility APIs, using various operating system features (like inter-process communication and querying user interface properties), and employing hooking techniques. Microsoft Windows operating systems have included the Microsoft Narrator screen reader since Windows 2000, thoug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auditory Displays
Auditory means of or relating to the process of hearing: * Auditory system, the neurological structures and pathways of sound perception ** Auditory bulla, part of auditory system found in mammals other than primates ** Auditory nerve, also known as the cochlear nerve is one of two parts of a cranial nerve ** Auditory ossicles, three bones in the middle ear that transmit sounds * Hearing (sense), the auditory sense, the sense by which sound is perceived * Ear, the auditory end organ * Cochlea, the auditory branch of the inner ear * Sound, the physical signal perceived by the auditory system * External auditory meatus, the ear canal * Primary auditory cortex, the part of the higher-level of the brain that serves hearing * Auditory agnosia * Auditory exclusion, a form of temporary hearing loss under high stress * Auditory feedback, an aid to control speech production and singing * Auditory hallucination, perceiving sounds without auditory stimulus * Auditory illusion, sound trick ana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
