|
Annotated
An annotation is extra information associated with a particular point in a document or other piece of information. It can be a note that includes a comment or explanation. Annotations are sometimes presented in the margin of book pages. For annotations of different digital media, see web annotation and text annotation. Literature, grammar and educational purposes Practising visually Annotation Practices are highlighting a phrase or sentence and including a comment, circling a word that needs defining, posing a question when something is not fully understood and writing a short summary of a key section. It also invites students to "(re)construct a history through material engagement and exciting DIY (Do-It-Yourself) annotation practices." Annotation practices that are available today offer a remarkable set of tools for students to begin to work, and in a more collaborative, connected way than has been previously possible. Text and film annotation Text and Film Annotation i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a bibliography Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliograph ... that gives a summary of each of the entries. The purpose of annotations is to provide the reader with a summary and an evaluation of each source. Each summary should be a concise exposition of the source's central idea(s) and give the reader a general idea of the source's content. Main components of annotated bibliographies The following are the main components of an annotated bibliography. Not all these fields are used; fields may vary depending on the type of annotated bibliography and instructions from the instructor if it is part of a school assignment. * Full bibliographic citation: the necessary and complete bibliographical information i.e. (author, title, publisher and date, etc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Text Annotation
Text annotation is the practice and the result of adding a note or gloss to a text, which may include highlights or underlining, comments, footnotes, tags, and links. Text annotations can include notes written for a reader's private purposes, as well as shared annotations written for the purposes of collaborative writing and editing, commentary, or social reading and sharing. In some fields, text annotation is comparable to metadata insofar as it is added post hoc and provides information about a text without fundamentally altering that original text. Text annotations are sometimes referred to as marginalia, though some reserve this term specifically for hand-written notes made in the margins of books or manuscripts. Annotations have been found to be useful and help to develop knowledge of English literature. Annotations can be both private and socially shared, including hand-written and information technology-based annotation. Annotations are different than notetaking because ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marginalia
Marginalia (or apostils) are marks made in the margin (typography), margins of a book or other document. They may be scribbles, comments, gloss (annotation), glosses (annotations), critiques, doodles, drolleries, or illuminated manuscript, illuminations. Biblical manuscripts Biblical manuscripts have notes in the margin, for liturgical use. Numbers of texts' divisions are given at the margin (, Ammonian Sections, Eusebian Canons). There are some scholia, corrections and other notes usually made later by hand in the margin. Marginalia may also be of relevance because many ancient or medieval writers of marginalia may have had access to other relevant texts that, although they may have been widely copied at the time, have since then been lost due to wars, prosecution, or censorship. As such, they might give clues to an earlier, more widely known context of the extant form of the underlying text than is currently appreciated. For this reason, scholars of ancient texts usually t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semantic Web
The Semantic Web, sometimes known as Web 3.0, is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make Internet data machine-readable. To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL) are used. These technologies are used to formally represent metadata. For example, Ontology (information science), ontology can describe concepts, relationships between Entity–relationship model, entities, and categories of things. These embedded semantics offer significant advantages such as reasoning engine, reasoning over data and operating with heterogeneous data sources. These standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, fundamentally the RDF. According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and commu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript, a programming language. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and browser engine, render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page Semantic Web, semantically and originally included cues for its appearance. HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, HTML element#Images and objects, images and other objects such as Fieldset, interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, Hyperlink, links, quotes, and other items. HTML elements are delineated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Web Annotation
Web annotation can refer to online annotations of web resources such as web pages or parts of them, or a set of World Wide Web Consortium, W3C W3C recommendation, standards developed for this purpose. The term can also refer to the creations of annotations on the World Wide Web and it has been used in this sense for the annotation tool INCEpTION, formerly WebAnno. This is a general feature of several tools for Annotation#Text documents, annotation in natural language processing or Annotation#Textual scholarship, in the philologies. Annotation of web resources With a web annotation system, a user can add, modify or remove information from a Web resource without modifying the resource itself. The annotations can be thought of as a layer on top of the existing resource, and this annotation layer is usually visible to other users who share the same annotation system. In such cases, the web annotation tool is a type of social software tool. For Web-based text annotation systems, see ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comma-separated Values
Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores Table (information), tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record (computer science), record. Each record consists of the same number of field (computer science), fields, and these are separated by commas in the CSV file. If the field delimiter itself may appear within a field, fields can be surrounded with quotation marks. The CSV file format is one type of Delimiter-separated values, delimiter-separated file format. Delimiters frequently used include the comma, tab-separated values, tab, space, and semicolon. Delimiter-separated files are often given a ".csv" filename extension, extension even when the field separator is not a comma. Many applications or libraries that consume or produce CSV files have options to specify an alternative delimiter. The lack of adherence to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Document
A document is a writing, written, drawing, drawn, presented, or memorialized representation of thought, often the manifestation of nonfiction, non-fictional, as well as fictional, content. The word originates from the Latin ', which denotes a "teaching" or "lesson": the verb ' denotes "to teach". In the past, the word was usually used to denote written proof useful as evidence of a truth or fact. In the computer age, Computer Age, "document" usually denotes a primarily textual computer file, including its structure and format, e.g. fonts, colors, and Computer-generated imagery, images. Contemporarily, "document" is not defined by its transmission medium, e.g., paper, given the existence of electronic documents. "Documentation" is distinct because it has more denotations than "document". Documents are also distinguished from "Realia (library science), realia", which are three-dimensional objects that would otherwise satisfy the definition of "document" because they memorialize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tf–idf
In information retrieval, tf–idf (term frequency–inverse document frequency, TF*IDF, TFIDF, TF–IDF, or Tf–idf) is a measure of importance of a word to a document in a collection or Text corpus, corpus, adjusted for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general. Like the bag-of-words model, it models a document as a multiset of words, without word order. It is a refinement over the simple bag-of-words model, by allowing the weight of words to depend on the rest of the corpus. It was often used as a weighting factor in searches of information retrieval, text mining, and user modeling. A survey conducted in 2015 showed that 83% of text-based recommender systems in digital libraries used tf–idf. Variations of the tf–idf weighting scheme were often used by search engines as a central tool in scoring and ranking a document's Relevance (information retrieval), relevance given a user Information retrieval, query. One of the simplest ranking functions is computed b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test
In statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (also K–S test or KS test) is a nonparametric statistics, nonparametric test of the equality of continuous (or discontinuous, see #Discrete and mixed null distribution, Section 2.2), one-dimensional probability distributions. It can be used to test whether a random sample, sample came from a given reference probability distribution (one-sample K–S test), or to test whether two samples came from the same distribution (two-sample K–S test). Intuitively, it provides a method to qualitatively answer the question "How likely is it that we would see a collection of samples like this if they were drawn from that probability distribution?" or, in the second case, "How likely is it that we would see two sets of samples like this if they were drawn from the same (but unknown) probability distribution?". It is named after Andrey Kolmogorov and Nikolai Smirnov (mathematician), Nikolai Smirnov. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic quantifies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Support-vector Machine
In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks) are supervised learning, supervised Maximum-margin hyperplane, max-margin models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data for Statistical classification, classification and regression analysis. Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, SVMs are one of the most studied models, being based on statistical learning frameworks of VC theory proposed by Vladimir Vapnik, Vapnik (1982, 1995) and Alexey Chervonenkis, Chervonenkis (1974). In addition to performing linear classifier, linear classification, SVMs can efficiently perform non-linear classification using the Kernel method#Mathematics: the kernel trick, ''kernel trick'', representing the data only through a set of pairwise similarity comparisons between the original data points using a kernel function, which transforms them into coordinates in a higher-dimensional feature space. Thus, SVMs use the kernel trick to implicitly map their inputs int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
