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Zipf's Law
Zipf's law (, ) is an empirical law that often holds, approximately, when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order. It states that the value of the ''n''th entry is inversely proportional to ''n''. The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to the frequency table of words in a text or corpus of natural language:\text \propto \frac. It is usually found that the most common word occurs approximately twice as often as the next common one, three times as often as the third most common, and so on. For example, in the Brown Corpus of American English text, the word "'' the''" is the most frequently occurring word, and by itself accounts for nearly 7% of all word occurrences (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "''of''" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "''and''" (28,852). It is often used in the following form, called Zipf-Mandelbrot law:\text \propto \fracwhere a, b are fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Probability Distribution
In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment. It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space). For instance, if is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ("the experiment"), then the probability distribution of would take the value 0.5 (1 in 2 or 1/2) for , and 0.5 for (assuming that the coin is fair). Examples of random phenomena include the weather conditions at some future date, the height of a randomly selected person, the fraction of male students in a school, the results of a survey to be conducted, etc. Introduction A probability distribution is a mathematical description of the probabilities of events, subsets of the sample space. The sample space, often denoted by \Omega, is the set of all possible outcomes of a random phe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zipf Distribution PMF
Zipf is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Andy Zipf, American singer-songwriter *George Kingsley Zipf (1902–1950), American linguist and philologist noted for Zipf's law *Christoph Zipf Christoph Zipf (born 5 December 1962) is a former professional tennis player from Germany. Biography A Munich-based right-hander, Zipf was the European Under 18s singles and doubles champion in 1979. He was also a member of the West German team ..., professional tennis player from Germany * Jonathan Zipf, German triathlete See also * Redl-Zipf {{surname, Zipf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wentian Li
Wentian Li is a bioinformatician. He is co-editor-in-chief of '' Computational Biology and Chemistry'' and member of the editorial board of the '' Journal of Theoretical Biology''. Li is an investigator at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research. Li received his BS in Physics from Beijing University in 1982 and PhD in Physics and Complex Systems from Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ... in 1989. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Li, Wentian Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Chinese bioinformaticians Academic journal editors Peking University alumni Columbia University alumni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transcriptomes
The transcriptome is the set of all RNA transcripts, including coding and non-coding, in an individual or a population of cells. The term can also sometimes be used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment. The term ''transcriptome'' is a portmanteau of the words ''transcript'' and ''genome''; it is associated with the process of transcript production during the biological process of transcription. The early stages of transcriptome annotations began with cDNA libraries published in the 1980s. Subsequently, the advent of high-throughput technology led to faster and more efficient ways of obtaining data about the transcriptome. Two biological techniques are used to study the transcriptome, namely DNA microarray, a hybridization-based technique and RNA-seq, a sequence-based approach. RNA-seq is the preferred method and has been the dominant transcriptomics technique since the 2010s. Single-cell transcriptomics allows tracking of transcript changes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musical Note
In music, a note is the representation of a musical sound. Notes can represent the Pitch (music), pitch and Duration (music), duration of a sound in musical notation. A note can also represent a pitch class. Notes are the building blocks of much written music: musical analysis#Discretization, discretizations of musical phenomena that facilitate performance, comprehension, and musical analysis, analysis. The term ''note'' can be used in both generic and specific senses: one might say either "the piece 'Happy Birthday to You' begins with two notes having the same pitch", or "the piece begins with two repetitions of the same note". In the former case, one uses ''note'' to refer to a specific musical event; in the latter, one uses the term to refer to a class of events sharing the same pitch. (See also: Key signature names and translations.) Two notes with fundamental frequency, fundamental frequencies in a ratio equal to any integer power of two (e.g., half, twice, or four times ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfred J
Alfred may refer to: Arts and entertainment *''Alfred J. Kwak'', Dutch-German-Japanese anime television series * ''Alfred'' (Arne opera), a 1740 masque by Thomas Arne * ''Alfred'' (Dvořák), an 1870 opera by Antonín Dvořák *"Alfred (Interlude)" and "Alfred (Outro)", songs by Eminem from the 2020 album ''Music to Be Murdered By'' Business and organisations * Alfred, a radio station in Shaftesbury, England *Alfred Music, an American music publisher * Alfred University, New York, U.S. *The Alfred Hospital, a hospital in Melbourne, Australia People * Alfred (name) includes a list of people and fictional characters called Alfred * Alfred the Great (848/49 – 899), or Alfred I, a king of the West Saxons and of the Anglo-Saxons Places Antarctica * Mount Alfred (Antarctica) Australia * Alfredtown, New South Wales * County of Alfred, South Australia Canada * Alfred and Plantagenet, Ontario * Alfred Island, Nunavut * Mount Alfred, British Columbia United States * Alfred, Main ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Condon
Edward Uhler Condon (March 2, 1902 – March 26, 1974) was an American nuclear physicist, a pioneer in quantum mechanics, and a participant during World War II in the development of radar and, very briefly, of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project. The Franck–Condon principle and the Slater–Condon rules are co-named after him.''Edward Condon'' was elected as a member of the in 1944. He was the director of the |
Godfrey Dewey
Godfrey Dewey (September 3, 1887 – October 18, 1977) was the president of the Lake Placid Organizing Committee and a winter sports facility designer. He was largely responsible for the successful candidature of Lake Placid for the 1932 Winter Olympics. In addition to his role as the U.S. ski team manager he was chosen as the flag bearer for the 1928 Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Dewey was elected to the U.S. National Ski Hall of Fame in 1970. Godfrey Dewey was the son of Melvil Dewey, the inventor of Dewey Decimal Classification, and his first wife Annie Godfrey. He went on to become the honorary chairman of the Phonemic Spelling Council.Tune, Newell WSpelling Progress Bulletin. Spring 1978. Accessed November 16, 2011. His work on ''World English Spelling'' may have influenced the development of SoundSpel, as he and Edward Rondthaler Dr. Edward Rondthaler (June 9, 1905 – August 19, 2009) was a typographer as well as a simplified spelling champion and cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Baptiste Estoup
Jean-Baptiste Estoup (16 January 1868, in Navenne – 17 April 1950, in Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...) was a French stenographer and writer on stenography. Estoup was General Secretary of the Institut Sténographique de France. In his ''Gammes sténographiques'' (3d ed. 1912), he pioneered the investigation of the regularity later known as Zipf's law.M. Petruszewycz'L'histoire de la loi d'Estoup-Zipf: documents', ''Mathématiques et sciences humaines'', vol. 44 (1973), pp. 41-56. References 1868 births 1950 deaths Shorthand systems French male writers {{France-nonfiction-writer-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Felix Auerbach
Felix Auerbach (12 November 1856 – 26 February 1933) was a German physicist. Life Auerbach was born in Breslau (today Wrocław) on 12 November 1856. His father, Leopold Auerbach, was a respected physician and professor of medicine at the University of Breslau. His mother was Arabella Auerbach, née Hess. From her, he acquired the talent and love for music that accompanied him throughout his life. Felix was the eldest of six siblings. The chemist, Friedrich Auerbach (1870–1925), and Wroclaw pianist, Max Auerbach (born 1872), were his younger brothers. Felix Auerbach received his humanistic education from 1865 to 1873 at Mary Magdalene School in his home town. After leaving school, at the age of 16, he went to study at the universities of Breslau, Heidelberg - with Gustav Robert Kirchhoff - and Berlin - with Hermann Helmholtz. Under Helmholtz, he received his doctorate in 1875. The title of his dissertation ''The nature of vocal sounds'' demonstrated his interest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pareto Distribution
The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto ( ), is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, quality control, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena; the principle originally applied to describing the distribution of wealth in a society, fitting the trend that a large portion of wealth is held by a small fraction of the population. The Pareto principle or "80-20 rule" stating that 80% of outcomes are due to 20% of causes was named in honour of Pareto, but the concepts are distinct, and only Pareto distributions with shape value () of log45 ≈ 1.16 precisely reflect it. Empirical observation has shown that this 80-20 distribution fits a wide range of cases, including natural phenomena and human activities. Definitions If ''X'' is a random variable with a Pareto (Type I) distribution, then the probability that ''X'' is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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