Zaparoan

	Zaparoan Zaparoan (also Sáparoan, Záparo, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is an endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with fewer than 100 speakers. Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans. However, their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare, and only a handful of them have survived. Languages There were 39 Zaparoan-speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century, every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect. Most of them have become extinct before being recorded, however, and we have information only about nine of them. * Zaparo group Záparo–Conambo * Záparo (a few speakers left) * Conambo † Arabela–Andoa * Arabela (50 speakers) * Andoa † * Iquito–Cahuarano Iquito (35 speakers) Cahuarano † * Unclassified Aushiri † ? Omurano † Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark (1985). Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan, but Omurano rema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Proto-Zaparoan Zaparoan (also Sáparoan, Záparo, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is an endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with fewer than 100 speakers. Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans. However, their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare, and only a handful of them have survived. Languages There were 39 Zaparoan-speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century, every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect. Most of them have become extinct before being recorded, however, and we have information only about nine of them. * Zaparo group Záparo–Conambo * Záparo (a few speakers left) * Conambo † Arabela–Andoa * Arabela (50 speakers) * Andoa † * Iquito–Cahuarano Iquito (35 speakers) Cahuarano † * Unclassified Aushiri † ? Omurano † Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark (1985). Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan, but Omurano rema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Arabela Language Arabela is a nearly extinct indigenous American language of the Zaparoan family spoken in two Peruvian villages in tropical forest along the Napo tributary of the Arabela river. Also known as Chiripuno and Chiripunu, it is spoken by fewer than 50 people out of an ethnic population of about 400. Since there are so few speakers of Arabela left, its speakers speak either Spanish or Quechua as a second language. The literacy rate for Arabela as a first language is about 10–30%, and about 50–75% for a second language. It uses a SOV word order. Like all native languages in Peru, it has an official status in areas where it is spoken. Artículo 48º Son idiomas oficiales el castellano y, en las zonas donde predominen, también lo son el quechua, el aimara y las demás lenguas aborígenes, según la ley. The language and its speakers Arabela is a language of the Zaparoan family of languages. Zaparoan tongues were once widely spoken in the rain forest of north-eastern Peru, but Zapa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Iquito Language Iquito (pronounced ) is a highly endangered Zaparoan language of Peru. Iquito is one of three surviving Zaparoan languages; the other two being Záparo, with 1-3 speakers, and Arabela with about 75 speakers. Three extinct languages are also considered to be Zaparoan: Andoa, Aushiri, and Cahuarano. Some classifiers also consider Omurano to be Zaparoan. Other names used for the language include Iquita, Ikito, Amacacore, Hamacore, Quiturran, and Puca-Uma, although Iquito is the most common. Of the ethnic Iquito population of 500, as of 2006, there are 25 fluent or native speakers, all of whom are over 55 years old, and about 25 partial or passive speakers, all of whom are over the age of 25. Iquito is spoken in the Loreto Province, the regions of the Pintoyacu, Nanay, and Chambira rivers, and the villages of San Antonio and Atalaya. It is technically an official language of Peru. There is a negative attitude towards the language in the Iquito communities and Iquitos mostl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Cahuarano Language Cahuarano is an extinct indigenous American language of the Zaparoan family, once spoken along the Nanay River in Peru. The last speaker died in the late 1980s or early 1990s. While considered a language by most scholars, it was considered by some to be a dialect of Iquito. Its speakers, who were of the Moracano tribe, lived north of the Nanay River northwest of Iquitos Iquitos (; ) is the capital city of Peru's Maynas Province and Loreto Region. It is the largest metropolis in the Peruvian Amazon, east of the Andes, as well as the ninth-most populous city of Peru. Iquitos is the largest city in the world th .... In 1930, estimated the language's number of speakers to be around 1,000, while linguist Gustavo Solís gave the number 5 in 1987. References Languages of Peru Zaparoan languages Languages extinct in the 1990s Extinct languages of South America {{Peru-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Aushiri Language Aushiri (Auxira, Vacacocha) is an extinct Zaparoan language formerly spoken in Peru. It was spoken in the area of the tributaries to the right bank of the Napo River The Napo River ( es, Río Napo) is a tributary to the Amazon River that rises in Ecuador on the flanks of the east Andean volcanoes of Antisana, Sincholagua and Cotopaxi. The total length is . The river drains an area of . The mean annual discha ..., in the Escuelacocha region. References Extinct languages of South America Zaparoan languages {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Saparo–Yawan Languages Saparo–Yawan (Zaparo–Yaguan, Zaparo–Peba) is a language family proposal uniting two small language families of the western Amazon. It was first proposed by Swadesh (1954), and continues through Payne (1984) and Kaufman (1994).Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. Links There are also four language isolates and otherwise unclassified languages which have been indirectly linked to Saparo–Yawan, and for convenience they are included here. Tovar (1984) proposed a connection between Zaparoan and the otherwise unclassified Taushiro; Stark (1985) and Gordon (2005) see a connection with the extinct Omurano language. The extinct Awishiri and the Candoshi isolate have lexical similarities with Taushiro, Omurano, and each other; however, the four languages also have lexical similarities with Zaparoan, Jivaroan, and Arawakan. These six languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Záparo Language Záparo is a nearly dead language spoken by the Sápara or Záparo people of Ecuador. As of 2000, it was spoken by only one person out of a total population of 170 in Pastaza Province, between the Curaray River and Bobonaza Rivers. Záparo is also known as Zápara and Kayapwe. The members of the Záparo ethnic group now speak Quichua, though there is a language revival effort beginning. Záparo is sometimes confused with Andoa, though the two languages are distinct. Záparo has a subject–verb–object word order. History The Zaparos were one of the most numerous peoples of western Amazonia, and it is thought the language was spoken by more than 100,000 people at some point. The number of speakers steadily declined after the arrival of Europeans under the effect of old world diseases and wars with other Amazonian people driven off by the progress of European settlement. At the beginning of the 20th century, Zaparos fell victims to the rubber boom. As with many Amazonian peo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Andoa Language Andoa was a Zaparoan language of Ecuador and Peru. It was found in the Pastaza River region of Ecuador and Peru. It is also known as Shimigae/Semigae and Gae/Gay. The Andoa people have integrated into the Quechua and now speak either Pastaza Quechua or Spanish. The last known speaker died in 1993. References External links "Dos lenguas que no quieren morir." El Comercio. 22 Enero 2008. 13 Febrero 200 Extinct languages of South America Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ... {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Omurano Language Omurano is an unclassified language from Peru. It is also known as Humurana, Roamaina, Numurana, Umurano, and Mayna. The language was presumed to have become extinct by 1958, but in 2011 a rememberer was found who knew some 20 words in Omurano; he claimed that there were still people who could speak it. It was spoken near the Urituyacu River (a tributary of the Marañón River), or on the Nucuray River according to Loukotka (1968). Classification Tovar (1961) linked Omurano to Taushiro (and later Taushiro with Kandoshi); Kaufman (1994) finds the links reasonable, and in 2007 he classified Omurano and Taushiro (but not Kandoshi) as Saparo–Yawan languages. Maynas, once mistaken for a synonym, is a separate language. Despite there being previous proposals linking Omurano with Zaparoan, de Carvalho (2013) finds no evidence that Omurano is related to Zaparoan.de Carvalho. 2013. On Záparoan as a valid genetic unity: Preliminary correspondences and the status of Omurano. ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Conambo Language Conambo is an extinct Zaparoan language formerly spoken in north-eastern Peru, near the Conambo River The Conambo River is a river of Ecuador. See also List of rivers of Ecuador The rivers of Ecuador are an important part of the nation's geography and economy. Most of the over 2,000 rivers and streamsTerry have headwaters in the Andes mountain .... Some authors consider Conambo a dialect of the Záparo language, while others consider it an independent language.Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona, ''The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide'', Walter de Gruyter, 2012, p. 114./ref> References Extinct languages of South America {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Bora–Witoto Languages Bora–Witóto (also Bora–Huitoto, Bora–Uitoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran and Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil. Kaufman (1994) added the Andoque language. Family division Boran Witotoan (or Witoto–Ocaina) Kaufman (1994) lists Bóran and Witótoan (Huitoto–Ocaina) as separate families (they are grouped together with Andoque as ''Bora–Witótoan''; by 2007 he moved Andoque to Witotoan). Genetic relations Aschmann (1993) proposed Bora–Witoto as a connection between the Boran and Witotoan language families. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection. Kaufman (2007) includes Bora-Witoto in his Macro-Andean proposal, and added the Andoque language to the Witotoan family.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), ''Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)'', 59–94. London: Routledge. (Aschma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Taushiro Language Taushiro, also known as Pinche or Pinchi, is a nearly extinct possible language isolate of the Peruvian Amazon near Ecuador. In 2000 SIL counted one speaker in an ethnic population of 20. Documentation was done in the mid-1970s by Neftalí Alicea. The last living speaker of Taushiro, Amadeo García García, was profiled in ''The New York Times'' in 2017. The first glossary of Taushiro contained 200 words and was collected by Daniel Velie in 1971. Classification Following Tovar (1961), Loukotka (1968), and Tovar (1984), Kaufman (1994) notes that while Taushiro has been linked to the Zaparoan languages, it shares greater lexical correspondences with Kandoshi and especially with Omurano. In 2007 he classified Taushiro and Omurano (but not Kandoshi) as Saparo–Yawan languages. Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Tequiraca and Leco. Grammar Word order in Taushiro is Verb–subject–object.Alicea, Neftalí. 1975. ''Análisis preliminar de la g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]