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Yamal 203
Yamal 203 (Russian: ) was a geostationary communications satellite ordered by Gazkom to RSC Energia. It was to be a twin of Yamal 201 and was supposed to ride along with Yamal 204 on what would have been the third launch of the Yamal program. As a copy of Yamal 201, it would be the second iteration of the USP Bus. It would have been a satellite with 4,080W of power (3.4 kW at end of life) on an unpressurized bus. It would have had eight SPT-70 electric thrusters by OKB Fakel for station keeping. Its payload was 9 C band and 6 Ku band transponders to be supplied by Space Systems Loral. History During 1997, even before the launch of their first satellites (Yamal 101 and Yamal 102), Gazkom was planning the second generation. At that time they planned a 24 satellites of the second generation. This extremely aggressive plan was scaled back by 2001 with a plan to launch four 200 series satellites. The first two, Yamal 201 and Yamal 202 would be launched by 2001 and the se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communications Satellite
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. Many communications satellites are in geostationary orbit above the equator, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the satellite dish antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form satellite constellations in low Earth orbit, where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently. The high frequency radio waves used for telecommunications links travel by line of sight and so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications sate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geostationary Orbit
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit''Geostationary orbit'' and ''Geosynchronous (equatorial) orbit'' are used somewhat interchangeably in sources. (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit in altitude above Earth's equator ( in radius from Earth's center) and following the direction of Earth's rotation. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to Earth's rotational period, one sidereal day, and so to ground observers it appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. The concept of a geostationary orbit was popularised by the science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke in the 1940s as a way to revolutionise telecommunications, and the first satellite to be placed in this kind of orbit was launched in 1963. Communications satellites are often placed in a geostationary orbit so that Earth-based satellite antennas do not have to rotate to track them but can be pointed permanently at the position in the sky where the sat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yamal 302
Yamal (russian: Яма́л) is a communication and broadcasting system developed and operated by Gazprom Space Systems. Born out of the connectivity needs of the natural gas extraction giant Gazprom, the system was spun off in its own company, and opened the network to third parties and even went into the public broadcasting industry. Yamal and Russian Satellite Communications Company (RSCC)'s Ekspress (satellite bus), Ekspress constellation are the only two national satellite operators in Russia. History During 1997, even before the launch of their first satellites (Yamal 101 and Yamal 102), Gazprom Space Systems, Gazkom was planning the second generation. At that time, they planned 24 satellites of the second generation. This extremely aggressive plan was scaled back by 2001 with a plan to launch four 200 series satellites. The first two, Yamal 201 and Yamal 202 planned to be launched by 2001 and the second pair, Yamal 203 and Yamal 204 by 2004. Yamal 201 and Yamal 203 were i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yamal 301
Yamal (russian: Яма́л) is a Communication satellite, communication and Satellite broadcasting, broadcasting system developed and operated by Gazprom Space Systems. Born out of the connectivity needs of the natural gas extraction giant Gazprom, the system was spun off in its own company, and opened the network to third parties and even went into the public broadcasting industry. Yamal and Russian Satellite Communications Company (RSCC)'s Ekspress (satellite bus), Ekspress constellation are the only two national satellite operators in Russia. History During 1997, even before the launch of their first satellites (Yamal 101 and Yamal 102), Gazprom Space Systems, Gazkom was planning the second generation. At that time, they planned 24 satellites of the second generation. This extremely aggressive plan was scaled back by 2001 with a plan to launch four 200 series satellites. The first two, Yamal 201 and Yamal 202 planned to be launched by 2001 and the second pair, Yamal 203 and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yamal 102
Yamal-102 (Russian language, Russian: ) was a geostationary orbit, geostationary communications satellite operated by Gazprom Space Systems, Gazkom and built by Energia (corporation), RSC Energia. It was, along with Yamal-101 the first communications satellite of the Yamal (satellite constellation), Yamal programme and the first iteration of the USP (satellite bus), USP Bus. It was a satellite with 2200 watts of power (1300 watts available for the payload) on an unpressurized bus. It had eight SPT-100, SPT-70 Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, electric thrusters by OKB Fakel for Orbital station-keeping, station keeping. Its payload was 12 C band (IEEE), C-band equivalent Transponder (satellite communications), transponders supplied by SSL (company), Space Systems/Loral. History It was launched along Yamal-101 on 6 September 1999 at 16:36:00 Coordinated Universal Time, UTC from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baikonur Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81, Site 81/23 by a Proton-K / Blok ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yamal 101
Yamal-101 (Russian language, Russian: ) was a geostationary orbit, geostationary communications satellite operated by Gazprom Space Systems and built by Energia (corporation), RSC Energia. It was, along with Yamal-102 the first communications satellite of the Yamal (satellite constellation), Yamal programme and the first iteration of the USP (satellite bus), USP Bus. It was a satellite with 2200 watts of power (1300 watts available for the payload) on an unpressurized bus. It had eight SPT-100, SPT-70 Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, electric thrusters by OKB Fakel for Orbital station-keeping, station keeping. Its payload was 12 C band (IEEE), C-band equivalent Transponder (satellite communications), transponders supplied by SSL (company), Space Systems/Loral. History It was launched along Yamal-102, on 6 September 1999 at 16:36:00 Coordinated Universal Time, UTC from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baikonur Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81, Site 81/23 by a Proton-K / Blok D , Blo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Space Systems Loral
SSL, formerly Space Systems/Loral, LLC (SS/L), of Palo Alto, California, is a wholly owned manufacturing subsidiary of Maxar Technologies. SSL designs and builds satellites and space systems for a wide variety of government and commercial customers. Its products include high-powered direct-to-home broadcast satellites, commercial weather satellites, digital audio radio satellites, Earth observation satellites and spot-beam satellites for data networking applications. History The company was founded as the Western Development Laboratories (WDL) of Philco (Philco-Ford since 1966). The Space Systems Division was made a stand-alone Division of Aeronutronic/Ford Aerospace/ and was acquired by Loral Corp. in 1990 for $715 million from Ford Motor Company, and renamed Space Systems/Loral. All other divisions of Ford Aerospace including Western Development Labs now located in San Jose, California, San Jose were also acquired by Loral at that time. In 2012 Space Systems/Loral was ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transponder (satellite Communications)
A communications satellite's transponder is the series of interconnected units that form a communications channel between the receiving and the transmitting antennas. It is mainly used in satellite communication to transfer the received signals. A transponder is typically composed of: * an input band-limiting device (an input band-pass filter), * an input low-noise amplifier (LNA), designed to amplify the signals received from the Earth station (normally very weak, because of the large distances involved), * a frequency translator (normally composed of an oscillator and a frequency mixer) used to convert the frequency of the received signal to the frequency required for the transmitted signal, * an output band-pass filter, * a power amplifier (this can be a traveling-wave tube or a solid-state amplifier). Most communication satellites are radio relay stations in orbit and carry dozens of transponders, each with a bandwidth of tens of megahertz. Most transponders operate on a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orbital Station-keeping
In astrodynamics, orbital station-keeping is keeping a spacecraft at a fixed distance from another spacecraft or celestial body. It requires a series of orbital maneuvers made with thruster burns to keep the active craft in the same orbit as its target. For many low Earth orbit satellites, the effects of non-Keplerian forces, i.e. the deviations of the gravitational force of the Earth from that of a homogeneous sphere, gravitational forces from Sun/Moon, solar radiation pressure and air drag, must be counteracted. The deviation of Earth's gravity field from that of a homogeneous sphere and gravitational forces from the Sun and Moon will in general perturb the orbital plane. For a sun-synchronous orbit, the precession of the orbital plane caused by the oblateness of the Earth is a desirable feature that is part of mission design but the inclination change caused by the gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon is undesirable. For geostationary spacecraft, the inclination change ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OKB Fakel
EDB Fakel (Russian ''ОКБ "Факел"'') is a Russian electric propulsion system development company. It is located in Kaliningrad in Kaliningrad Oblast. It was founded in 1955 as a ''Propulsion laboratory'' of the Soviet Academy of Sciences; in 1962 it obtained status of Design Bureau, OKB.Roskosmosbr>information/ref> Overview Fakel specializes in spacecraft attitude control thrusters, ion engines and plasma sources. It is a world leader in the field of Hall thruster development and a leading Russian developer and manufacturer of electric propulsion systems. The company's third-generation electric propulsion system SPT-100 has been certified in accordance with western standards and the company is actively marketing the system to foreign customers. The company has 960 employees. Flight missions Many companies have used Fakel electrically powered spacecraft propulsion systems on their hardware flown in space. Company's hardware were used on SESAT 1, Alphasat, SMART-1, L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrically Powered Spacecraft Propulsion
Spacecraft electric propulsion (or just electric propulsion) is a type of spacecraft propulsion technique that uses electrostatic or electromagnetic fields to accelerate mass to high speed and thus generate thrust to modify the velocity of a spacecraft in orbit. The propulsion system is controlled by power electronics. Electric thrusters typically use much less propellant than chemical rockets because they have a higher exhaust speed (operate at a higher specific impulse) than chemical rockets.Choueiri, Edgar Y. (2009New dawn of electric rocket''Scientific American'' 300, 58–65 Due to limited electric power the thrust is much weaker compared to chemical rockets, but electric propulsion can provide thrust for a longer time. Electric propulsion was first successfully demonstrated by NASA and is now a mature and widely used technology on spacecraft. American and Russian satellites have used electric propulsion for decades. , over 500 spacecraft operated throughout the Sola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
