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Xanthoparmelia Lecanorica
''Xanthoparmelia lecanorica'' is a foliose lichen that belongs to the genus ''Xanthoparmelia''. It is noted for being similar in appearance and has often been misidentified as ''Xanthoparmelia arida''. Description ''Xanthoparmelia lecanorica'' grows to around 3–5 cm in diameter with board yellow-green sub irregular lobes that extend 1–2 mm wide. The underside is dark brown to black with simple rhizines approximately 0.2-0.5 mm long. Habitat and range ''Xanthoparmelia lecanorica'' is found in South Africa. At times specimens of ''Xanthoparmelia arida'' have been misidentified in North America as ''Xanthoparmelia lecanorica''. Chemistry ''Xanthoparmelia lecanorica'' has been recorded containing both lecanoric and usnic acid Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933-1937 by Curd and Rob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mason Hale
Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr. (September 23, 1929 – April 23, 1990) was one of the most prolific lichenologists of the 20th century. Many of his scholarly articles focused on the taxonomy of the family Parmeliaceae. Hale was one of the first lichen experts to incorporate secondary chemistry and technology such as computers and scanning electron microscopy into taxonomic work. Mason Hale published approximately two hundred articles and books on various aspects of lichen biology including taxonomy, anatomy, chemistry, and ecology. Hale also wrote several books aimed at education and increasing accessibility to lichens. Early life and education Mason Hale Jr. grew up on a farm outside of Winsted, Connecticut. He had an affinity towards biology from experiences from living on his family's farm. As an undergraduate, Hale wanted to be a linguist, but was not able to take specialized classes. Instead, he earned an undergraduate degree studying biology at Yale University, where he studied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foliose Lichen
Foliose lichen is one of the morphological classes of lichens, which are complex organisms that arise from the symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae. This partnership allows lichen to live in diverse climates that can range from cold, dry mountains to wet, warm valleys. Lichens develop quite slowly with recorded growth rates of 0.01–27mm/year depending on the species. Their lifespan averages between 30 and 60 years. Lichens have a main body part called the thallus, which is composed of hyphae, and houses the cortex and medulla. The cortex contains the photosynthetic cells while the medulla allows for gas exchange and makes up the bulk of the lichen's thallus. There are three main types of lichens: crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Foliose lichen are characterised by flattened leafy thalli, and an upper and lower cortex. Many have numerous layers, which are stratified, and aid in identifying different types. Foliose lichens attach to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthoparmelia
''Xanthoparmelia'' (commonly known as green rock shields or rock-shield lichens) is a genus of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ''Xanthoparmelia'' is synonymous with ''Almbornia'', ''Neofuscelia'', ''Chondropsis'', ''Namakwa'', ''Paraparmelia'', and ''Xanthomaculina''. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, as well as Australia, New Zealand and Ecuador. The name means 'golden yellow parmelia'. The photobiont (photosynthetic partner) is ''Trebouxia'' (a genus of green algae). Identification Distinguishing between species involves how much they are attached to the substrate, whether or not isidia are present, lower surface color, and chemical spot tests. All members of the genus react to spot test as K-, KC+ yellow, with medulla reaction varying from species to species. Species Species include: * ''Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa'' * '' Xanthoparmelia conspersa'' (''Parme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthoparmelia Arida
''Xanthoparmelia arida'' is a lichen which belongs to the ''Xanthoparmelia'' genus. The lichen is an arid shield lichen and is uncommon it is listed as apparently secure by the Nature Conservatory. It is noted for being similar to '' Xanthoparmelia joranadia''. Description Grows to around 3–8 cm in diameter with board dull yellow-green sub irregular lobes that extend 1–3 mm wide. The underside is pale brown with simple rhizines approximately 0.3-0.6 mm long. Habitat and range Found in the North American southwest particularly in the US state of Texas. Chemistry ''Xanthoparmelia arida'' has been recorded containing both Lecanoric and usnic acid Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933-1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic a ...s. See also * List of ''Xanthoparmelia'' species Refere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizine
In lichens, rhizines are multicellular root-like structures, arising mostly from the lower surface. A lichen with rhizines is termed rhizinate, while a lichen lacking rhizines is termed erhizinate. Rhizines serve only to anchor the lichen to their substrate; they do not absorb nutrients as do plant roots. Characteristics of the rhizines are used to identify lichens, for example: whether they are dense or sparse, whether they are uniformly distributed or clumped in specific areas, and whether they are straight or branched. Only foliose lichens may possess rhizines, not crustose or fruticose lichens, which lack a lower cortex. Rhizohyphae are a type of attachment structure on some lichens. Rhizohyphae are more slender than rhizines and are one cell thick in diameter. Rhizohyphae often occur as a felt-like hyphal mass. See also *Rhizoid Rhizoids are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and algae. They are similar in structure and function to the ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lecanoric Acid
Lecanoric acid is a chemical produced by several species of lichen.ubChem - Lecanoric acid"> Lecanoric acid is classified as a polyphenol and a didepside and it functions as an antioxidant. The acid is named after the lichen ''Lecanora''. The acid has also been isolated from ''Usnea subvacata'', ''Parmotrema stuppuem'', ''Parmotrema tinctorum,'' '' Parmotrema grayana,'' Xanthoparmelia arida and Xanthoparmelia lecanorica. A related compound, 5-chlorolecanoric acid, is found in some species of ''Punctelia ''Punctelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus ''Parmelia'' in 1982. Characteristics that define ''Punctelia'' include the presence of ...''. References {{Reflist Polyphenols Benzoic acids Benzoate esters Lichen products ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Usnic Acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933-1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including ''Usnea'', '' Cladonia'', ''Hypotrachyna'', ''Lecanora'', ''Ramalina'', '' Evernia'', ''Parmelia'' and '' Alectoria''. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes. At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate). Biological role in lichens Usnic acid is a secondary metabolite in lichens whose role has not been completely elucidated. It is believed that usnic acid prote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Xanthoparmelia Species
This is a list of species in the foliose lichen genus '' Xanthoparmelia''. It is the most speciose lichen genus, containing an estimated 822 species as of 2020. The key characteristics of ''Xanthoparmelia'' include the cell walls containing ''Xanthoparmelia''-type lichenan, the pored epicortex, margins without cilia, simple rhizines, small, ellipsoidal spores and bifusiform or rarely weakly fusiform or bacilliform conidia. A *'' Xanthoparmelia abraxas'' – South Africa *'' Xanthoparmelia acrita'' – Africa *'' Xanthoparmelia adamantea'' *'' Xanthoparmelia adhaerens'' *'' Xanthoparmelia adlerae'' – South America *''Xanthoparmelia adpicta'' *'' Xanthoparmelia adusta'' *''Xanthoparmelia affinis'' *'' Xanthoparmelia africana'' – Africa *'' Xanthoparmelia afroincerta'' *'' Xanthoparmelia afrolavicola'' *''Xanthoparmelia agamalis'' *'' Xanthoparmelia aggregata'' – Africa *'' Xanthoparmelia ahtii'' *'' Xanthoparmelia ajoensis'' *'' Xanthoparmelia albomaculata'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen Species
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Lichens Of Africa
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Lichens Described In 1971
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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