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X.25
X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for packet-switched data communication in wide area networks (WAN). It was originally defined by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, now ITU-T) in a series of drafts and finalized in a publication known as ''The Orange Book'' in 1976.CCITT, Study Group VII, ''Draft Recommendation X-25'', March 1976 This makes it one of the oldest packet-switching communication protocols available; it was developed several years before IPv4 (1981) and the OSI Reference Model (1984). The protocol suite is designed as three conceptual layers, which correspond closely to the lower three layers of the seven-layer OSI model. It also supports functionality not found in the OSI network layer. Networks using X.25 were popular during the late 1970s and 1980s with telecommunications companies and in financial transaction systems such as automated teller machines. An X.25 WAN consists of packet-switching exchange (PSE) nodes as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tymnet
Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in Cupertino, California that used virtual call packet-switched technology and X.25, SNA/ SDLC, BSC and Async interfaces to connect host computers (servers) at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated asynchronous connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the United States and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways. As the Internet grew and became almost universally accessible in the late 1990s, the need for services such as Tymnet migrat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ITU-T
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three sectors (divisions or units) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is responsible for coordinating standards for telecommunications and Information Communication Technology such as X.509 for cybersecurity, Y.3172 and Y.3173 for machine learning, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for video compression, between its Member States, Private Sector Members, and Academia Members. The first meeting of the World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), the sector's governing conference, took place on 1 March of that year. ITU-T has a permanent secretariat called the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB), which is based at the ITU headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The current director of the TSB is Chaesub Lee (of South Korea), whose first 4-year term commenced on 1 January 2015, and whose second 4-year term commenced on 1 January 2019. Chaesub Lee succeeded Malcolm Johnson (Director), Malc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retrocomputing
Retrocomputing is the use of older computer hardware and software in modern times. Retrocomputing is usually classed as a hobby and recreation rather than a practical application of technology; enthusiasts often collect rare and valuable hardware and software for sentimental reasons. However, some do make use of it. Historical retrocomputing A more serious line of retrocomputing is part of the history of computer hardware. It can be seen as the analogue of experimental archaeology in computing. Some notable examples include the reconstruction of Babbage's Difference engine (more than a century after its design) and the implementation of Plankalkül in 2000 (more than half a century since its inception). "Homebrew" computers Some retrocomputing enthusiasts also consider the "homebrewing" (designing and building of retro- and retro-styled computers or kits), to be an important aspect of the hobby, giving new enthusiasts an opportunity to experience more fully what the early ye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telenet
Telenet was an American commercial packet-switched network which went into service in 1975. It was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States. Various commercial and government interests paid monthly fees for dedicated lines connecting their computers and local networks to this backbone network. Free public dialup access to Telenet, for those who wished to access these systems, was provided in hundreds of cities throughout the United States. The original founding company, Telenet Inc., was established by Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) and recruited Larry Roberts (former head of the ARPANet) as President of the company, and Barry Wessler. GTE acquired Telenet in 1979. It was later acquired by Sprint and called "Sprintnet". Sprint migrated customers from Telenet to the modern-day Sprintlink IP network, one of many networks composing today's Internet. Telenet had its first offices in downtown Washington, D.C., then moved to McLean, Virginia. It was acquired ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compuserve
CompuServe (CompuServe Information Service, also known by its initialism CIS) was an American online service provider, the first major commercial one in the world – described in 1994 as "the oldest of the Big Three information services (the others are Prodigy and America Online)." It dominated the field during the 1980s and remained a major influence through the mid-1990s. At its peak in the early 1990s, CIS was known for its online chat system, message forums covering a variety of topics, extensive software libraries for most computer platforms, and a series of popular online games, notably ''MegaWars III'' and ''Island of Kesmai''. It also was known for its introduction of the GIF format for pictures and as a GIF exchange mechanism. In 1997, 17 years after H&R Block had acquired CIS, the parent announced its desire to sell the company. A complex deal was worked out with WorldCom acting as a broker, resulting in CIS being sold to AOL. In 2015, Verizon acquired AOL, includi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transpac (network)
In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping Data (computing), data into ''network packet, packets'' that are transmitted over a digital Telecommunications network, network. Packets are made of a header (computing), header and a payload (computing), payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an operating system, application software, or protocol suite, higher layer protocols. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide. In the early 1960s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept that he called "distributed adaptive message block switching", with the goal of providing a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the United States Department of Defense. His ideas contradicted then-established principles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iberpac
Iberpac (or Red UNO) was the Spanish packet switched X.25 data network. It was operated by Telefónica España, the incumbent Spanish telecommunications operator. Iberpac lents its name to Iberpac Plus and Iberpac Básico, the latest X.25 services in Spain. History Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos Iberpac evolved from the Spanish ''Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos'' (RETD), the world's first public data network. Created in 1971, RETD was based on general-purpose Univac 418 III computers. The original ''Red Secundaria de Alto Nivel'' (RSAN) protocols for RETD were custom-developed by Telefónica (then CTNE) under ARPANET design principles. Project TESYS By 1978, project TESYS (Telefónica, SECOINSA, SITRE) started the development of specific-purpose switching nodes. Some of the design principles of TESYS nodes were advanced for their time ( multithreading, token passing protocols). In contrast, the large user base with terminals based on legacy RSAN protocols slowed th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Online Service
An online service provider (OSP) can, for example, be an Internet service provider, an email provider, a news provider (press), an entertainment provider (music, movies), a search engine, an e-commerce site, an online banking site, a health site, an official government site, social media, a wiki, or a Usenet newsgroup. In its original more limited definition, it referred only to a commercial computer communication service in which paid members could dial via a computer modem the service's private computer network and access various services and information resources such as bulletin board systems, downloadable files and programs, news articles, chat rooms, and electronic mail services. The term "online service" was also used in references to these dial-up services. The traditional dial-up online service differed from the modern Internet service provider in that they provided a large degree of content that was only accessible by those who subscribed to the online service, while ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Data Network
A public data network (PDN) is a network established and operated by a telecommunications administration, or a recognized private operating agency, for the specific purpose of providing data transmission services for the public. The first public packet switching network, RETD, was deployed in 1972 in Spain. "Public data network" was the common name given to the collection of X.25 providers, the first of which was DATAPAC in 1976. The International Packet Switched Service became the first commercial and international packet-switched network in 1978. Their combined networks had large global coverage during the 1980s and into the 1990s. These networks later provided the infrastructure for the early Internet. Description In communications, a PDN is a circuit- or packet-switched network that is available to the public and that can transmit data in digital form. A PDN provider is a company that provides access to a PDN and that provides any of X.25, Frame Relay, or cell relay ( ATM ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lawrence Roberts (scientist)
Lawrence Gilman Roberts (December 21, 1937 – December 26, 2018) was an American engineer who received the Draper Prize in 2001 "for the development of the Internet", and the Principe de Asturias Award in 2002. As a program manager and later office director at the Advanced Research Projects Agency, Roberts and his team created the ARPANET using packet switching techniques invented by British computer scientist Donald Davies and American Paul Baran. The ARPANET, which was built by the Massachusetts-based company Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), was a predecessor to the modern Internet. He asked Leonard Kleinrock to apply mathematical models to simulate the performance of the network. Roberts later served as CEO of the commercial packet-switching network Telenet. Early life and education Roberts, who was known as Larry, was born and raised in Westport, Connecticut. He was the son of Elizabeth (Gilman) and Elliott John Roberts, both of whom had doctorates in chemistry. It is said t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rémi Després
Rémi Després (born January 16, 1943) is a French engineer and entrepreneur known for his contributions on data networking. Education In 1961–1963, Rémi Després attended École Polytechnique of Paris, of which he holds an Engineer degree. At UC Berkeley, he received a master's degree in 1967, and a Ph.D degree in 1969, both in the EECS Department. Career From 1963 to 1971 at CNET and UC Berkeley, he specialized in programming languages and time-sharing operating systems. From 1971 to 1980, Rémi Després was in charge of R&D of the French PTT on packet switching. He was one of the leading "innovators who worked across the boundaries of computers and communications" in the 1970s. As such, he introduced the concept of graceful "saturated operation", which was referenced by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking, ''"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication".'' He named and formalized the concept of virtual circuits and, with his tea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Postal, Telegraph And Telephone Service
A postal, telegraph, and telephone service (or PTT) is a government agency responsible for postal mail, telegraph, and telephone services. Such monopolies existed in many countries, though not in North America or Japan. Many PTTs have been partially or completely privatised in recent years. In some of these privatisations, the PTT was renamed completely (such as KPN in the Netherlands, Orange S.A. in France, BT Group in the United Kingdom, Swisscom in Switzerland, Telstra in Australia, Spark in New Zealand, Chunghwa Telecom in Taiwan, A1 Telekom Austria Group in Austria, TDC Group in Denmark, Telia Company in Sweden and Finland, Telenor in Norway, Singtel in Singapore and Síminn in Iceland), whereas in others, the name of the privatised corporation has been only slightly modified, such as PT Telkom in Indonesia, Deutsche Telekom in Germany, Kosovo Telecom in Kosovo, Telekom Malaysia in Malaysia and Post Luxembourg in Luxembourg. Monopoly service In countries that had a PTT ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
