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William Wood (Mintmaster)
William Wood (1671–1730) was a hardware manufacturer, ironmaster, and mintmaster, notorious for receiving a contract to strike an issue of Irish coinage from 1722 to 1724. He also struck the 'Rosa Americana' coins of British America during the same period. Wood's coinage was extremely unpopular in Ireland, occasioning controversy as to its constitutionality and economic sense, notably in Jonathan Swift's ''Drapier's Letters''. The coinage was recalled and exported to the colonies of British America. Subsequently, Wood developed a novel but ineffective means of producing iron, which he exploited as part of a fraudulent investment scheme. Family life William Wood was born in Shrewsbury, son of Francis Wood, a silkweaver.See . His family were supposedly descendants of Huguenots named Dubois who had fled France after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572. William married Margaret Molineaux in 1690, daughter of Willenhall ironmonger Richard Molineaux. The couple lived ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moneyer
A moneyer is a private individual who is officially permitted to mint money. Usually the rights to coin money are bestowed as a concession by a state or government. Moneyers have a long tradition, dating back at least to ancient Greece. They became most prominent in the Roman Republic, and continued into the Empire. In Rome the position of Triumvir Monetalis, held by three people at a time, was a minor magistracy awarded by the Senate, often the first office held by a young politician. Marcus Aurelius is one famous example; John Hull is another with his founding of the Hull Mint for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Moneyers were not limited to the ancient world. When European coinage was revived during the Middle Ages, moneyers again were trusted to create currency on behalf of kings and potentates. For a large part of that era, virtually all coins in circulation were silver pennies, and these often bore the name or other identification of the moneyer.Grierson et al. 2007 See a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blast Furnace
A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. ''Blast'' refers to the combustion air being "forced" or supplied above atmospheric pressure. In a blast furnace, fuel ( coke), ores, and flux (limestone) are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while a hot blast of air (sometimes with oxygen enrichment) is blown into the lower section of the furnace through a series of pipes called tuyeres, so that the chemical reactions take place throughout the furnace as the material falls downward. The end products are usually molten metal and slag phases tapped from the bottom, and waste gases (flue gas) exiting from the top of the furnace. The downward flow of the ore along with the flux in contact with an upflow of hot, carbon monoxide-rich combustion gases is a countercurrent exchange and chemical reaction process. In contrast, air furnaces (such as reverbera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melusine Von Der Schulenburg, Duchess Of Kendal
Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal, Duchess of Munster (25 December 166710 May 1743) was a longtime mistress to King George I of Great Britain. Early life She was born at Emden in the Duchy of Magdeburg. She was a daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, Baron von der Schulenburg, Privy Councillor to the Elector of Brandenburg, by his wife Petronella Ottilie von Schwencken and a sister to Federic Achatius, Count von der Schulenburg and Hehlen. Her brother was Marshal Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg. Her middle name was probably given in reference to the Melusine legends. Royal mistress Once a Maid of Honour to Electress Sophia, she became a mistress of the Electoral Prince, George Louis. George Louis succeeded as Elector of Hanover in 1698 and King of Great Britain (as George I) in 1714. Melusine moved with him to England, and on 18 July 1716 was created for life Duchess of Munster, Marchioness of Dungannon, Countess of Dungannon and Baroness Dundalk, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rosa Americana Halfpenny
Rosa or De Rosa may refer to: People *Rosa (given name) *Rosa (surname) *Santa Rosa (female given name from Latin-a latinized variant of Rose) Places *223 Rosa, an asteroid *Rosa, Alabama, a town, United States *Rosa, Germany, in Thuringia, Germany *Rösa, a village and former municipality in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany *Rosà a town in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy *Monte Rosa, the second highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe *Republic of South Africa, a southernmost country in Africa. Film and television * ''Rosa'' (1986 film), a Hong Kong film released by Bo Ho Films *''Rosa – A Horse Drama'', a 1993-94 opera by Louis Andriessen on a libretto by Peter Greenaway * "Rosa" (''Doctor Who''), an episode of the eleventh series of ''Doctor Who'' Music *De Rosa (band), a band from Scotland *"Rosa", a song by Anitta and Prince Royce from the album ''Kisses'', 2019 *"Rosa", a song by Jacques Brel *"Rosa", a song by J Balvin from ''Colores'', 2020 Vehicles *, a Unite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Rare Coins Of America, England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Germany, And Spain A Complete List Of And Prices Paid For Rare American Coins, Fractional Currency, Colonial, Continental And Confederate (14746948666)
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of the archaic pron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coalbrookdale
Coalbrookdale is a village in the Ironbridge Gorge in Shropshire, England, containing a settlement of great significance in the history of iron ore smelting. It lies within the civil parish called the Gorge. This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal". The coal was drawn from drift mines in the sides of the valley. As it contained far fewer impurities than normal coal, the iron it produced was of a superior quality. Along with many other industrial developments that were going on in other parts of the country, this discovery was a major factor in the growing industrialisation of Britain, which was to become known as the Industrial Revolution. Today, Coalbrookdale is home to the Ironbridge Institute, a partnership between the University of Birmingham and the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust offering postgraduate and professional development courses in heritage. Before Abraham Darby Before the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Madeley ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habeas Corpus
''Habeas corpus'' (; from Medieval Latin, ) is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful. The writ of ''habeas corpus'' was described in the eighteenth century by William Blackstone as a "great and efficacious writ in all manner of illegal confinement". It is a summons with the force of a court order; it is addressed to the custodian (a prison official, for example) and demands that a prisoner be brought before the court, and that the custodian present proof of authority, allowing the court to determine whether the custodian has lawful authority to detain the prisoner. If the custodian is acting beyond their authority, then the prisoner must be released. Any prisoner, or another person acting on their behalf, may petition the court, or a judge, for a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joshua Gee
Joshua Gee (1667–1730) was a British merchant, publicist and writer in economics who mainly focused on trade. Gee is best known for his book called ''The Trade and Navigation of Great Britain Consider'd'' which was first published in London, 1729, and had 20 editions worldwide. Early life Joshua Gee was born in 1667 probably in London. His father, John Gee (1635–1704) of Moyvoughley, was a Quaker from Yorkshire. There is no information regarding his education. Merchant In London, by age 27, Gee became a master of the Grocers' Company by purchase (without serving an apprenticeship) and a freeman in London. By 1700 he was already trading with the American colonies. In 1715, Gee and Augustine Washington founded The Principio Company. It was backed by an association of British iron-masters, merchants, and capitalists. Principio produced pig-iron and bar-iron in the Province of Maryland and the Province of Virginia for sale in England. By 1723 Gee and his partners owned o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quaker
Quakers are people who belong to a historically Protestant Christian set of Christian denomination, denominations known formally as the Religious Society of Friends. Members of these movements ("theFriends") are generally united by a belief in each human's ability to experience Inward light, the light within or see "that of God in every one". Some profess a priesthood of all believers inspired by the First Epistle of Peter. They include those with evangelicalism, evangelical, Holiness movement, holiness, Mainline Protestant, liberal, and Conservative Friends, traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. There are also Nontheist Quakers, whose spiritual practice does not rely on the existence of God. To differing extents, the Friends avoid creeds and Hierarchical structure, hierarchical structures. In 2017, there were an estimated 377,557 adult Quakers, 49% of them in Africa. Some 89% of Quakers worldwide belong to ''evangelical'' and ''programmed'' branches that hold ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southwark
Southwark ( ) is a district of Central London situated on the south bank of the River Thames, forming the north-western part of the wider modern London Borough of Southwark. The district, which is the oldest part of South London, developed due to its position at the southern end of the early versions of London Bridge, the only crossing point for many miles. London's historic core, the City of London, lay north of the Bridge and for centuries the area of Southwark just south of the bridge was partially governed by the city. By the 12th century Southwark had been incorporated as an ancient borough, and this historic status is reflected in the alternative name of the area, as Borough. The ancient borough of Southwark's river frontage extended from the modern borough boundary, just to the west of by the Oxo Tower, to St Saviour's Dock (originally the mouth of the River Neckinger) in the east. In the 16th century, parts of Southwark became a formal City ward, Bridge Without. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stiperstones
The Stiperstones ( cy, Carneddau Teon) is a distinctive hill in the county of Shropshire, England. The quartzite rock of the ridge formed some 480 million years ago. During the last Ice Age Stiperstones lay on the eastern margin of the Welsh ice sheet. The hill itself was not glaciated though glaciers occupied surrounding valleys and it was subject to intense freezing and thawing which shattered the quartzite into a mass of jumbled scree surrounding several residual rocky tors. At above sea level it is the second-highest hill in the county, surpassed only by Brown Clee Hill (). Stiperstones' summit ridge is crowned by several jagged outcrops of rock, which may be seen silhouetted against the sky. Geography The Stiperstones is noted for its tors of quartzite. The principal ones are named as follows, from north-east to south-west: * Shepherd's Rock () * Devil's Chair () * Manstone Rock () * Cranberry Rock () * Nipstone Rock () * The Rock () Manstone Rock is the highest of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhosllannerchrugog
RhosllanerchrugogDavies, Jenkins and Baines (eds) ''The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales'', 2008, p.752 (also spelled Rhosllannerchrugog, or simply Rhos) is a village and community in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. It lies within the historic county of Denbighshire. The entire built-up area including Penycae, Ruabon and Cefn Mawr had a population of 25,362. Etymology The name of the village is derived from that of the old Llanerchrugog estate, once one of the landholdings of Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon, Lord of Maelor Gymraeg.''Archaeologia Cambrensis: The Journal of the Cambrian Archaeological Association'', 1895, p.225-6 The name ''Llanerchrugog'' is usually stated to be based on Welsh llannerch, "''clearing''" or "''glade''"; and (with soft mutation), "''heathery''", although an etymology based on crugog, "hilly", "rough", has also been suggested.Morgan, ''A handbook of the origin of place-names in Wales and Monmouthshire'', 1887, p.50 The name of the mining village which l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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