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Weil Conjectures
In mathematics, the Weil conjectures were highly influential proposals by . They led to a successful multi-decade program to prove them, in which many leading researchers developed the framework of modern algebraic geometry and number theory. The conjectures concern the generating functions (known as local zeta functions) derived from counting points on algebraic varieties over finite fields. A variety over a finite field with elements has a finite number of rational points (with coordinates in the original field), as well as points with coordinates in any finite extension of the original field. The generating function has coefficients derived from the numbers of points over the extension field with elements. Weil conjectured that such ''zeta functions'' for smooth varieties are rational functions, satisfy a certain functional equation, and have their zeros in restricted places. The last two parts were consciously modelled on the Riemann zeta function, a kind of generating ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclic Cubic Field
In mathematics, specifically the area of algebraic number theory, a cubic field is an algebraic number field of degree three. Definition If ''K'' is a field extension of the rational numbers Q of degree 'K'':Qnbsp;= 3, then ''K'' is called a cubic field. Any such field is isomorphic to a field of the form :\mathbf (f(x)) where ''f'' is an irreducible cubic polynomial with coefficients in Q. If ''f'' has three real roots, then ''K'' is called a totally real cubic field and it is an example of a totally real field. If, on the other hand, ''f'' has a non-real root, then ''K'' is called a complex cubic field. A cubic field ''K'' is called a cyclic cubic field if it contains all three roots of its generating polynomial ''f''. Equivalently, ''K'' is a cyclic cubic field if it is a Galois extension of Q, in which case its Galois group over Q is cyclic of order three. This can only happen if ''K'' is totally real. It is a rare occurrence in the sense that if the set of cubic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Pierre Serre
Jean-Pierre Serre (; born 15 September 1926) is a French mathematician who has made contributions to algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, and algebraic number theory. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1954, the Wolf Prize in 2000 and the inaugural Abel Prize in 2003. Biography Personal life Born in Bages, Pyrénées-Orientales, France, to pharmacist parents, Serre was educated at the Lycée de Nîmes and then from 1945 to 1948 at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He was awarded his doctorate from the Sorbonne in 1951. From 1948 to 1954 he held positions at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris. In 1956 he was elected professor at the Collège de France, a position he held until his retirement in 1994. His wife, Professor Josiane Heulot-Serre, was a chemist; she also was the director of the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles. Their daughter is the former French diplomat, historian and writer Claudine Monteil. The French mathematician De ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lefschetz Fixed-point Theorem
In mathematics, the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem is a formula that counts the fixed points of a continuous mapping from a compact topological space X to itself by means of traces of the induced mappings on the homology groups of X. It is named after Solomon Lefschetz, who first stated it in 1926. The counting is subject to an imputed multiplicity at a fixed point called the fixed-point index. A weak version of the theorem is enough to show that a mapping without ''any'' fixed point must have rather special topological properties (like a rotation of a circle). Formal statement For a formal statement of the theorem, let :f\colon X \rightarrow X\, be a continuous map from a compact triangulable space X to itself. Define the Lefschetz number \Lambda_f of f by :\Lambda_f:=\sum_(-1)^k\mathrm(f_*, H_k(X,\Q)), the alternating (finite) sum of the matrix traces of the linear maps induced by f on H_k(X,\Q), the singular homology groups of X with rational coefficients. A simple ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betti Number
In algebraic topology, the Betti numbers are used to distinguish topological spaces based on the connectivity of ''n''-dimensional simplicial complexes. For the most reasonable finite-dimensional spaces (such as compact manifolds, finite simplicial complexes or CW complexes), the sequence of Betti numbers is 0 from some point onward (Betti numbers vanish above the dimension of a space), and they are all finite. The ''n''th Betti number represents the rank of the ''n''th homology group, denoted ''H''''n'', which tells us the maximum number of cuts that can be made before separating a surface into two pieces or 0-cycles, 1-cycles, etc. For example, if H_n(X) \cong 0 then b_n(X) = 0, if H_n(X) \cong \mathbb then b_n(X) = 1, if H_n(X) \cong \mathbb \oplus \mathbb then b_n(X) = 2, if H_n(X) \cong \mathbb \oplus \mathbb\oplus \mathbb then b_n(X) = 3, etc. Note that only the ranks of infinite groups are considered, so for example if H_n(X) \cong \mathbb^k \oplus \mathbb/(2) , where \m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algebraic Topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence. Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group. Main branches of algebraic topology Below are some of the main areas studied in algebraic topology: Homotopy groups In mathematics, homotopy groups are used in algebraic topology to classify topological spaces. The first and simplest homotopy group is the fundamental group, which records information about loops in a space. Intuitively, homotopy groups record information about the basic shape, or holes, of a topological space. Homology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Analytic Number Theory
In mathematics, analytic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis to solve problems about the integers. It is often said to have begun with Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet's 1837 introduction of Dirichlet ''L''-functions to give the first proof of Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions. It is well known for its results on prime numbers (involving the Prime Number Theorem and Riemann zeta function) and additive number theory (such as the Goldbach conjecture and Waring's problem). Branches of analytic number theory Analytic number theory can be split up into two major parts, divided more by the type of problems they attempt to solve than fundamental differences in technique. * Multiplicative number theory deals with the distribution of the prime numbers, such as estimating the number of primes in an interval, and includes the prime number theorem and Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions. * Additive num ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exponential Sum
In mathematics, an exponential sum may be a finite Fourier series (i.e. a trigonometric polynomial), or other finite sum formed using the exponential function, usually expressed by means of the function :e(x) = \exp(2\pi ix).\, Therefore, a typical exponential sum may take the form :\sum_n e(x_n), summed over a finite sequence of real numbers ''x''''n''. Formulation If we allow some real coefficients ''a''''n'', to get the form :\sum_n a_n e(x_n) it is the same as allowing exponents that are complex numbers. Both forms are certainly useful in applications. A large part of twentieth century analytic number theory was devoted to finding good estimates for these sums, a trend started by basic work of Hermann Weyl in diophantine approximation. Estimates The main thrust of the subject is that a sum :S=\sum_n e(x_n) is ''trivially'' estimated by the number ''N'' of terms. That is, the absolute value :, S, \le N\, by the triangle inequality, since each summand has absolute va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hasse's Theorem On Elliptic Curves
Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves, also referred to as the Hasse bound, provides an estimate of the number of points on an elliptic curve over a finite field, bounding the value both above and below. If ''N'' is the number of points on the elliptic curve ''E'' over a finite field with ''q'' elements, then Hasse's result states that :, N - (q+1), \le 2 \sqrt. The reason is that ''N'' differs from ''q'' + 1, the number of points of the projective line over the same field, by an 'error term' that is the sum of two complex numbers, each of absolute value . This result had originally been conjectured by Emil Artin in his thesis. It was proven by Hasse in 1933, with the proof published in a series of papers in 1936. Hasse's theorem is equivalent to the determination of the absolute value of the roots of the local zeta-function of ''E''. In this form it can be seen to be the analogue of the Riemann hypothesis for the function field associated with the elliptic curve. Ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algebraic Curve
In mathematics, an affine algebraic plane curve is the zero set of a polynomial in two variables. A projective algebraic plane curve is the zero set in a projective plane of a homogeneous polynomial in three variables. An affine algebraic plane curve can be completed in a projective algebraic plane curve by homogenizing its defining polynomial. Conversely, a projective algebraic plane curve of homogeneous equation can be restricted to the affine algebraic plane curve of equation . These two operations are each inverse to the other; therefore, the phrase algebraic plane curve is often used without specifying explicitly whether it is the affine or the projective case that is considered. More generally, an algebraic curve is an algebraic variety of dimension one. Equivalently, an algebraic curve is an algebraic variety that is birationally equivalent to an algebraic plane curve. If the curve is contained in an affine space or a projective space, one can take a projection for su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elliptic Curve
In mathematics, an elliptic curve is a smooth, projective, algebraic curve of genus one, on which there is a specified point . An elliptic curve is defined over a field and describes points in , the Cartesian product of with itself. If the field's characteristic is different from 2 and 3, then the curve can be described as a plane algebraic curve which consists of solutions for: :y^2 = x^3 + ax + b for some coefficients and in . The curve is required to be non-singular, which means that the curve has no cusps or self-intersections. (This is equivalent to the condition , that is, being square-free {{no footnotes, date=December 2015 In mathematics, a square-free element is an element ''r'' of a unique factorization domain ''R'' that is not divisible by a non-trivial square. This means that every ''s'' such that s^2\mid r is a unit of ''R''. A ... in .) It is always understood that the curve is really sitting in the projective plane, with the point being the uniqu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
