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Watani Party
The Watani Party ("National Party", ar, ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ, ''al-Ḥizb al-Waṭanī'') was a nationalist political party in Egypt. Founded as political movement in 1895, the Watani was led by Mustafa Kamil Pasha, a Francophile journalist from Alexandria. The Watany platform was composed mainly by the city bourgeoisie, monarchy's sympathizers and also by the Khedive Abbas II, a noted anglophobe. The party also published a newspaper from 1900, '' Al Liwa'' (Arabic: ''The Flag''), with clear anti-British views. In the same year, Abdul Hamid II nominated Mustafa Kamil as pasha for his support to the Ottoman Empire. Its anti-British positions increased after the Denshawai Incident in 1906. The Watani became officially a party on 22 October 1907, after the first Congress of Watani. During the Congress, Mustafa Kamil supported the constitutional monarchy. However, Kamil died only two months after the Congress, and the Watani was inherited by Mohammad Farid. Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mustafa Kamil Pasha
Mustafa Kamil Pasha ( ar, مصطفى كامل, ) (August 14, 1874 - February 10, 1908) was an Egyptian lawyer, journalist, and nationalist activist. Early life and education Kamil was born in Cairo in 1874. His father was an engineer who first worked for the Egyptian army and then for the civil institutions. He was a graduate of the Khidiwiyya high school in Cairo. He was trained as a lawyer at the French law school in Cairo and at the Law Faculty at the University of Toulouse in France. In January 1893, as a university student Kamil first became famous when he led a group of students who destroyed the offices of the newspaper ''Al Muqattam'' which supported the British occupation of Egypt. As a passionate nationalist, he supported Egypt's khedive, Abbas Hilmi II, who strongly opposed the British occupation. A protegee of Abbas Hilmi, whom he first met in 1892, it was the khedive who paid for Kamil to be educated in Toulouse. The American historian Michael Laffan described Kamil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al Liwa (newspaper)
''Al Liwa'' (Arabic: ''The Standard'') was an Arabic language newspaper which was published in Cairo, Egypt, in the period 1900–1912. It was the first mass circulation newspaper in the country. The paper was founded by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. From its start in 1900 to the death of its founder in 1908 ''Al Liwa'' adopted a nationalist political stance. Between 1907 and 1910 it was the official organ of the Watani Party which was also established by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. The paper adopted a pan-Islamist political stance between 1908 and 1910. ''Al Liwa'' was not affiliated with the Watani Party from 1910 to August 1912 when it was closed down. History and profile Mustafa Kamil Pasha launched ''Al Liwa'' in 1900 when '' Al Muayyad'', a newspaper in which he published articles, was shut down by the British. The first issue appeared on 2 January that year. The paper had a biweekly supplement entitled ''Majallat Al Liwa''. ''Al Liwa'' became popular among young men and one of the most rea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wafd Party
The Wafd Party (; ar, حزب الوفد, ''Ḥizb al-Wafd'') was a nationalist liberal political party in Egypt. It was said to be Egypt's most popular and influential political party for a period from the end of World War I through the 1930s. During this time, it was instrumental in the development of the 1923 constitution, and supported moving Egypt from dynastic rule to a constitutional monarchy, where power would be wielded by a nationally-elected parliament. The party was dissolved in 1952, after the 1952 Egyptian Revolution. History Rise The Wafd party was an Egyptian nationalist movement that came into existence in the aftermath of World War I. Although it was not the first nationalist group in Egypt, it had the longest lasting impact. It was preceded and influenced by smaller and less significant movements which evolved over time into the more modern and stronger nationalist Wafd Party. One of these earlier movements was the Urabi Revolt led by Ahmed Urabi in the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Hafiz Ramadan Pasha
Muhammad Hafiz Ramadan Pasha (died 1955) ( ar, محمد حافظ رمضان باشا) was an Egyptian lawyer, editor, and politician. He was head of the National Party in the 1920s and Minister of Social Affairs and Minister of Justice during the 1940s. Career Hafiz Ramadan Pasha was born and died in Cairo. He graduated from the Khedivial Law School in 1904. He succeeded Muhammad Farid as head of the Watani Party in 1923, and was elected head of the Lawyers' Guild in 1926. He became lead of the opposition in parliament in 1926. Hafiz Ramadan Pasha held the following cabinet posts: * Minister of State (30 December 1937 – 27 April 1938) in the Second Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha Cabinet * Minister of Social Affairs (27 June 1940 – 14 November 1940) in the Hassan Sabry Pasha Hassan Sabry Pasha (1890–14 November 1940) was an Egyptians, Egyptian politician who briefly served as Prime Minister of Egypt, prime minister of Egypt in 1940. Career Following his graduation with a teaching ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war. Prior to 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente (comprising France, Russia, and Britain) and the Triple Alliance (containing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Tensions in the Balkans came to a head on 28 June 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boutros Ghali
, image = Boutros Ghali Pasha.jpg , order = 9th Prime Minister of Egypt , monarch = Abbas II , birth_date = , birth_place = Kiman-al-'Arus, Beni Suef, Ottoman Empire , death_date = , death_place = Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt , term_start = 8 November 1908 , term_end = 21 February 1910 , predecessor = Mustafa Fahmi Pasha , successor = Muhammad Said Pasha , party = Boutros Ghali (12 May 1846 – 21 February 1910; , ar, ; styled Boutros Ghali Bey later Boutros Ghali Pasha) was the prime minister of Egypt from 1908 to 1910. Early life Boutros Ghali was born on 12 May 1846 to a Coptic Christian family in Kiman-al-'Arus, a village of Beni Suef, Egypt, in 1846. His father was Ghali Nayruz, the steward of Prince Mustafa Fadil. Boutros Ghali studied Arabic, Ottoman Turkish, Persian, English and French. Career After graduation, Ghali became a teacher at the patriarchal school. Ghali's public career began in 1875 with this appointment to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Minister Of Egypt
The prime minister of Egypt () is the head of the Egyptian government. A direct translation of the Arabic-language title is "Minister-President of Egypt" and "President of the Government". The Arabic title can also be translated as "President of the Council of Ministers", as is the case with the Prime Minister of Syria, despite the Arabic title being the same in Syria and Egypt. History Egypt has a long history with a prime minister-type position existing in its governance. Under various Islamic Empires, Egypt had Viziers, a political office similar in authority and structure (in terms of being second in command to the Head of State) to that of a prime minister. During the Old, Middle, and New Kingdom phases of Ancient Egypt, it was common practice for the Pharaoh to appoint a second in command officer whose position is translated to as Vizier. This pattern of having a prime minister/vizier position in government was only broken for an extended period of time during Roman an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statism
In political science, statism is the doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree. This may include economic and social policy, especially in regard to taxation and the means of production. While in use since the 1850s, the term statism gained significant usage in American political discourse throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Opposition to statism is termed anti-statism or anarchism. The latter is characterized by a complete rejection of all hierarchical rulership. Overview Statism can take many forms from small government to big government. Minarchism is a political philosophy that prefers a minimal state such as a night-watchman state to protect people from aggression, theft, breach of contract and fraud with military, police and courts. This may also include fire departments, prisons and other functions. The welfare state is another form within the spectrum of statism. Authoritarian philosophies view a strong, authoritative state ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law And Order (politics)
In modern politics, law and order is the approach focusing on harsher enforcement and penalties as ways to reduce crime. Penalties for perpetrators of disorder may include longer terms of imprisonment, mandatory sentencing, three-strikes laws and even capital punishment in some countries. This has been credited with facilitating greater militarisation of police and contributing to mass incarceration in the United States. Supporters of "law and order" argue that incarceration is the most effective means of crime prevention. Opponents argue that a system of harsh criminal punishment is ultimately ineffective because it self-perpetuates crime and does not address underlying or systemic causes of crime. Despite the widespread popularity of "law and order" ideas and approaches between the 1960s to the 1980s exemplified by presidential candidates including Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan running successfully on a "tough-on-crime" platform, statistics on crime showed a significa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Monarchy
A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies (in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Japan, where the monarch retains significantly less personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. ''Constitutional monarchy'' may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political head of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338) also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror. Under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire marked the peak of its power and prosperity, as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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