, image = Boutros Ghali Pasha.jpg
, order =
9th
9 (nine) is the natural number following and preceding .
Evolution of the Arabic digit
In the beginning, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and ...
Prime Minister of Egypt
The prime minister of Egypt () is the head of the Egyptian government. A direct translation of the Arabic-language title is "Minister-President of Egypt" and "President of the Government". The Arabic title can also be translated as "President of ...
, monarch =
Abbas II
, birth_date =
, birth_place = Kiman-al-'Arus,
Beni Suef
Beni Suef ( ar, بني سويف, Baniswēf the capital city of the Beni Suef Governorate in Egypt. Beni Suef is the location of Beni Suef University. An important agricultural trade centre on the west bank of the Nile River, the city is located 11 ...
,
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
, death_date =
, death_place =
Cairo
Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metro ...
,
Khedivate of Egypt
The Khedivate of Egypt ( or , ; ota, خدیویت مصر ') was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brou ...
, term_start = 8 November 1908
, term_end = 21 February 1910
, predecessor =
Mustafa Fahmi Pasha
Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (11 June 1840 – 13 September 1914) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the prime minister of Egypt for two times.
Early life and education
Born in Crete in 1840 to a Turkish family who had ear ...
, successor =
Muhammad Said Pasha
, party =
Boutros Ghali (12 May 1846 – 21 February 1910; , ar, ; styled Boutros Ghali Bey later Boutros Ghali Pasha) was the prime minister of
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
from 1908 to 1910.
Early life
Boutros Ghali was born on 12 May 1846 to a
Coptic
Coptic may refer to:
Afro-Asia
* Copts, an ethnoreligious group mainly in the area of modern Egypt but also in Sudan and Libya
* Coptic language, a Northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century
* Coptic alphabet ...
Christian
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
family in Kiman-al-'Arus, a village of
Beni Suef
Beni Suef ( ar, بني سويف, Baniswēf the capital city of the Beni Suef Governorate in Egypt. Beni Suef is the location of Beni Suef University. An important agricultural trade centre on the west bank of the Nile River, the city is located 11 ...
, Egypt, in 1846.
His father was Ghali Nayruz, the steward of Prince Mustafa Fadil.
[ Boutros Ghali studied ]Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...
, Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish ( ota, لِسانِ عُثمانى, Lisân-ı Osmânî, ; tr, Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extens ...
, Persian
Persian may refer to:
* People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language
** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples
** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
, English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
and French.[
]
Career
After graduation, Ghali became a teacher at the patriarchal school.[ Ghali's public career began in 1875 with this appointment to the post of clerk in the newly constituted Mixed Court by Sharif Pasha.] Next he became the representative of the Egyptian government on the Commission of the Public Debt.[ Ghali began to work in the justice ministry in 1879 and was appointed secretary general of the ministry with the title of ]Bey
Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...
. His following post was as first secretary of the council of ministers to which he was appointed in September 1881.[ However, in October 1881 he again began to work in the justice ministry. Upon the request of Mahmoud Sami al-Barudi, Ghali was awarded the rank of ]Pasha
Pasha, Pacha or Paşa ( ota, پاشا; tr, paşa; sq, Pashë; ar, باشا), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, gener ...
, being the first Coptic recipient of such an honour in Egypt.[ In 1886, he was appointed head of a commission for the selection of Sharia court judges, which was an unusual appointment due to his religious background, leading to protests by Muslims.][
Ghali's first ministerial portfolio was the minister of finance in 1893.] Then he was made foreign minister in 1894.[
In 1901 he was decorated as the 650th Grand-Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lady of the Concepcion of Vila Viçosa of ]Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
. The same year Ghali joined the freemason lodge of Egypt.
He was appointed prime minister on 8 November 1908, replacing Mustafa Fahmi Pasha
Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (11 June 1840 – 13 September 1914) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the prime minister of Egypt for two times.
Early life and education
Born in Crete in 1840 to a Turkish family who had ear ...
in the post. He also retained the post of foreign minister during his premiership.[ Ghali remained in office until 21 February 1910 and was replaced by Muhammad Said Pasha.][
]
Death
Ghali was accused of favouring the British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
in the Denshawai incident. On 20 February 1910, Ghali was shot by Ibrahim Nassif al-Wardani, a twenty-three-year-old pharmacology
Pharmacology is a branch of medicine, biology and pharmaceutical sciences concerned with drug or medication action, where a drug may be defined as any artificial, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemica ...
graduate,[ who had just returned from ]Britain
Britain most often refers to:
* The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands
* Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
. Ghali was leaving the ministry of foreign affairs when Wardani fired five shots, three of which lodged in the premier's body.[ Ghali died a day later, on 21 February.][
The assassin, who confessed to the killing of Ghali, had been educated in ]Lausanne
, neighboring_municipalities= Bottens, Bretigny-sur-Morrens, Chavannes-près-Renens, Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Crissier, Cugy, Écublens, Épalinges, Évian-les-Bains (FR-74), Froideville, Jouxtens-Mézery, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Lugrin (FR-74), ...
, Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, and London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
and was a member of Mustafa Kamil Pasha
Mustafa Kamil Pasha ( ar, مصطفى كامل, ) (August 14, 1874 - February 10, 1908) was an Egyptian lawyer, journalist, and nationalist activist.
Early life and education
Kamil was born in Cairo in 1874. His father was an engineer who first ...
's Watani Party.[ His father was a ]governor
A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...
and his uncle was a Pasha
Pasha, Pacha or Paşa ( ota, پاشا; tr, paşa; sq, Pashë; ar, باشا), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, gener ...
.[ Wardani was executed on 28 June 1910.]
The assassination of Ghali was the first of a series of assassinations that continued until 1915. It was also the first public assassination of a senior statesman in Egypt in more than a century.[
]
Family
Ghali had "many sons", the most notable being:
* Yusuf Butros Ghali
** Father of Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (; , ar, بطرس بطرس غالي ', ; 14 November 1922 – 16 February 2016) was an Egyptian politician and diplomat who served as the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from 1992 to 1996. An academic ...
, who was named after his grandfather and served as deputy prime minister of Egypt and as United Nations Secretary-General
The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or SG) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.
The role of the secretary-ge ...
.
** grandfather of internet entrepreneur Teymour Boutros-Ghali Teymour Boutros-Ghali is an investor and entrepreneur.
He earned his BA in Electrical Engineering from Cambridge University, a PhD in Plasma Physics from MIT and a SM in Management from the Sloan School of Management.
After starting his career ...
** grandfather of Youssef Boutros Ghali
Youssef Raouf Boutros-Ghali or YBG ( ar, يوسف رؤوف بطرس غالي; born 20 August 1952) is an Egyptian economist who served in the government of Egypt as Minister of Finance from 2004 to 2011. He was succeeded by Samir Radwan on 31 ...
, Minister of Finance from 2004 to 2011
* Wasif Butrus Pasha Ghali or Wasif Butrus Ghali Pasha (1878–1958), legislator and diplomat, foreign minister.
* Najib Boutros Ghali, agriculture minister in 1921.
* Mirrit Boutros-Ghali, writer, businessman, and lawyer[Goldschmidt 1993, p. 188]
Boutros Ghali's brother Amin Ghali (1865–1933) was a public prosecutor; Amin's son Ibrahim Amin Ghali was a diplomat who worked to rehabilitate his uncle's reputation.[Goldschmidt 1993, p. 187]
Honours
Egyptian national honours
Foreign honors
See also
* Eldon Gorst
Sir John Eldon Gorst (25 June 1861 – 12 July 1911) was Consul-General in Egypt from 1907–1911.
Career
Gorst was the son of Sir John Eldon Gorst, Solicitor General for England and Wales and Vice-President of the Committee of the Council o ...
References
Sources
*
Citations
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghali, Boutros
1846 births
1910 deaths
20th-century prime ministers of Egypt
Egyptian people of Coptic descent
Coptic politicians
Egyptian pashas
Foreign ministers of Egypt
Prime Ministers of Egypt
Assassinated Egyptian politicians
Assassinated heads of government
Deaths by firearm in Egypt
People murdered in Egypt
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)
Boutros Ghali family
1910 murders in Egypt
Egyptian Freemasons