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William Crawford (London MP)
Wiliam Crawford (5 May 1780 – 27 April 1843) was a British Liberal Party politician who represented the City of London in the 19th century. Crawford was born in London to Andrew Crawford (1745–1800), formerly of Dunfermline, and his wife Mary, one of 21 daughters of the Spink family living near Northallerton, Yorkshire. The family lived at Brighton from 1783, where Andrew Crawford was Postmaster of Brighton (then "Brighthelmston"). William Crawford spent his early career with the Honourable East India Company and made a fortune in India. He returned to England in around 1812, and was a partner in the East India Mercantile House (i.e. trading company) of Crawford, Colvin and Company. (See the Colvin family for more on the Anglo-Indian links.) He bought the estate of Pippbrook, near Dorking, Surrey in 1817 and made it his country home. From 1824 until his death, Crawford was a director of the Australian Agricultural Company. In 1827 he was High Sheriff of Surrey. He had a hou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberal Party (UK)
The Liberal Party was one of the two Major party, major List of political parties in the United Kingdom, political parties in the United Kingdom, along with the Conservative Party (UK), Conservative Party, in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Beginning as an alliance of Whigs (British political party), Whigs, free trade–supporting Peelites and reformist Radicals (UK), Radicals in the 1850s, by the end of the 19th century it had formed four governments under William Ewart Gladstone, William Gladstone. Despite being divided over the issue of Irish Home Rule Movement, Irish Home Rule, the party returned to government in 1905 and won a landslide victory in the 1906 United Kingdom general election, 1906 general election. Under Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, prime ministers Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1905–1908) and H. H. Asquith (1908–1916), the Liberal Party passed Liberal welfare reforms, reforms that created a basic welfare state. Although Asquith was the Leader of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spectacle Makers' Company
The Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London, UK. The company was founded by a Royal Charter of Charles I in 1629 AD; it was granted the status of a Livery Company in 1809. The company was empowered to set regulations and standards for optical devices; this was eroded by the Industrial Revolution, after which mechanical advancements made trade restrictions difficult to enforce. F.S.M.C. credential The company acquired the right, however, to set examinations that opticians had to pass before practising. The opticians that passed the examinations were designated F.S.M.C. and this credential stood for Fellowship in Optometry of the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers.Editor. (1905). White's Directory of Sheffield & Rotherham. Trade Directory. Sheffield Indexers. London.Editor. (2016). GOC Recognised Qualifications. General Optical Council. 10 Old Bailey, London. British College of Ophthalmic Opticians This power was surrende ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sir John Key, 1st Baronet
Sir John Key, 1st Baronet (16 August 1794 – 14 July 1858) was a wholesale stationer and Whig politician in England. He was elected Sheriff of the City of London in 1824 and Lord Mayor of London for two years, from 1830 to 1832. He was elected at the 1832 general election as a member of parliament (MP) for the City of London, but resigned his seat on 5 August 1833 by taking the Chiltern Hundreds. During his parliamentary career he supported the abolition of slavery, the repeal of part of the assessed taxes, abrogation of the Corn Laws, the adoption of triennial parliaments and the vote by ballot. He was made a baronet in 1831, of Thornbury and Denmark Hill. In 1853 he ran for election to the office of Chamberlain of the City of London, emerging victorious after a closely fought contest with the young liveryman Benjamin Scott. He died in the office of Chamberlain, and Scott was elected unopposed in his stead. He died at his home in Streatham on 14 July 1858 and was buried at W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jane Freshfield
Jane Freshfield (née Jane Quentin Crawford, publishing as "A Lady" and as Mrs Henry Freshfield; 5 July 1814 – 16 March 1901) was an English climber and travel writer. She was among the first British women to explore the Swiss Alps and encouraged others to do so. Life Jane Quentin Crawford was born 5 July 1814. She was the daughter of William Crawford, MP for the City of London (1822-1841), who had made a fortune in the British East India Company. Her brother was Robert Wigram Crawford, also an MP. In 1840, she married Henry Ray Freshfield (1814-1895). Their son Douglas Freshfield (1845-1934) was the editor of ''Alpine Journal'' and president of the Alpine Club. The couple brought up their son with an appreciation of nature and the arts. From an early age they took him on journeys which included the English Lake District and Scotland. From the mid-1850s the family took yearly summer holidays in Switzerland, particularly the Alps. In old age, her son described the holidays they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Ray Freshfield
Henry Ray Freshfield (2 February 1814 – 8 February 1895) was an English lawyer and conservationist. Freshfield was the fourth and youngest son of James William Freshfield and his wife Mary Blacket and was born at Lothbury. His father was a lawyer who established the firm of Freshfields. The family moved to Abney House on Stoke Newington Church Street in the village of that name, then a few miles distant from the City of London. Henry Freshfield was educated at Charterhouse School from 1824 to 1829. He became a solicitor with the family firm in 1838. He lived at Hampstead, another suburban village beginning to be encroached upon by the growing metropolis, where he participated in a long and successful struggle to rescue Hampstead Heath from landlords and builders. Freshfield was solicitor to the Bank of England from 1857 to 1877, succeeding his brother Charles Freshfield. He became very prosperous. In 1874 he acquired Kidbrooke Park, East Grinstead, an 18th-century house with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Wigram Crawford
Robert Wigram Crawford (18 April 1813 – 30 July 1889) was a British East India Company, East India merchant, Governor of the Bank of England, and a Liberal Party (UK), Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons from 1857 to 1874. Crawford was the son of William Crawford (London MP), William Crawford, M.P. for London 1833–41, and his wife Dorothy Elizabeth Rees. He lived in Mumbai, Bombay for several years, where he was a partner in the firm of Remington & Co. He then headed the firm of Crawford, Colvin, and Co., East India Merchants of London. (See the Colvin family for more on these connections.) He was chairman of the East Indian and the Mexican Railway Companies. In 1869, he became a Governor of the Bank of England, having earlier served as its Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, Deputy Governor Black Friday (1869), Black Friday (1869) occurred during Crawford's tenure as Governor. He was also a Lord Lieutenant of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woodmansterne
Woodmansterne is a village in the borough of Reigate and Banstead, Surrey, bordering Greater London, England. It sits on a small plateau of and a southern down slope of the North Downs and its ecclesiastical parish borders continue to span old boundaries and reach into Chipstead, Coulsdon and Wallington. History The village lay within the Anglo-Saxon hundred of Wallington which served for strategic meetings of elders and manor owners in the various kingdoms, including in the two centuries before the Norman Conquest, the Kingdom of England. Woodmansterne appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as ''Odemerestor'', derived from Old English "Ode" = (W)ode = Wood, "mere" = pond, and "tor" = high ground. It was held by Richard de Tonebrige. Its Domesday assets were: 15 hides; 1 church, 1 mill worth 20s, 5 ploughs, of meadow, wood worth 10 hogs. It rendered £8 per year to its overlords. The traditional parish borders are very long and narrow and reach into Chipstead, Coulsdon and Wall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Short Parliaments
Short may refer to: Places * Short (crater), a lunar impact crater on the near side of the Moon * Short, Mississippi, an unincorporated community * Short, Oklahoma, a census-designated place People * Short (surname) * List of people known as the Short Arts, entertainment, and media * Short film, a cinema format (also called film short or short subject) * Short story, prose generally readable in one sitting * ''The Short-Timers'', a 1979 semi-autobiographical novel by Gustav Hasford, about military short-timers in Vietnam Brands and enterprises * Short Brothers, a British aerospace company * Short Brothers of Sunderland, former English shipbuilder Computing and technology * Short circuit, an accidental connection between two nodes of an electrical circuit * Short integer, a computer datatype Finance * Short (finance), stock-trading position * Short snorter, a banknote signed by fellow travelers, common during World War II Foodstuffs * Short pastry, one which is rich in but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corn Laws
The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and corn enforced in the United Kingdom between 1815 and 1846. The word ''corn'' in British English denotes all cereal grains, including wheat, oats and barley. They were designed to keep corn prices high to favour domestic producers, and represented British mercantilism. The Corn Laws blocked the import of cheap corn, initially by simply forbidding importation below a set price, and later by imposing steep import duties, making it too expensive to import it from abroad, even when food supplies were short. The House of Commons passed the corn law bill on March 10, 1815, the House of Lords on March 20 and the bill received Royal assent on March 23, 1815. The Corn Laws enhanced the profits and political power associated with land ownership. The laws raised food prices and the costs of living for the British public, and hampered the growth of other British economic sectors, such as manufacturing, by reducing t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Window Tax
Window tax was a property tax based on the number of windows in a house. It was a significant social, cultural, and architectural force in England, France, and Ireland during the 18th and 19th centuries. To avoid the tax, some houses from the period can be seen to have bricked-up window-spaces (ready to be glazed or reglazed at a later date). In England and Wales it was introduced in 1696 and was repealed 155 years later, in 1851. In France it was established in 1798 and was repealed in 1926. Scotland had window tax from 1748 until 1798. History The tax was introduced in England and Wales in 1696 under King William III and was designed to impose tax relative to the prosperity of the taxpayer, but without the controversy that then surrounded the idea of income tax. At that time, many people in Britain opposed income tax, on principle, because the disclosure of personal income represented an unacceptable governmental intrusion into private matters, and a potential threat to pers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1841 United Kingdom General Election
In the 1841 United Kingdom general election, there was a big swing as Sir Robert Peel's Conservatives took control of the House of Commons. Melbourne's Whigs had seen their support in the Commons erode over the previous years. Whilst Melbourne enjoyed the firm support of the young Queen Victoria, his ministry had seen increasing defeats in the Commons, culminating in the defeat of the government's budget in May 1841 by 36 votes, and by 1 vote in a 4 June 1841 vote of no confidence put forward by Peel. According to precedent, Melbourne's defeat required his resignation. However, the cabinet decided to ask for a dissolution, which was opposed by Melbourne personally (he wished to resign, as he had attempted in 1839), but he came to accept the wishes of the ministers. Melbourne requested the Queen dissolve Parliament, leading to an election. The Queen thus prorogued Parliament on 22 June. The Conservatives campaigned mainly on an 11-point programme modified from their previous e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Member Of Parliament (United Kingdom)
In the United Kingdom, a member of Parliament (MP) is an individual elected to serve in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Electoral system All 650 members of the UK House of Commons are elected using the first-past-the-post voting system in single member constituencies across the whole of the United Kingdom, where each constituency has its own single representative. Elections All MP positions become simultaneously vacant for elections held on a five-year cycle, or when a snap election is called. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 set out that ordinary general elections are held on the first Thursday in May, every five years. The Act was repealed in 2022. With approval from Parliament, both the 2017 and 2019 general elections were held earlier than the schedule set by the Act. If a vacancy arises at another time, due to death or resignation, then a constituency vacancy may be filled by a by-election. Under the Representation of the People Act 198 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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