West Trans–New Guinea Languages

	West Trans–New Guinea Languages The West Trans–New Guinea languages are a suggested linkage (linguistics), linguistic linkage of Papuan languages, not well established as a group, proposed by Malcolm Ross (linguist), Malcolm Ross in his 2005 classification of the Trans–New Guinea languages. Ross suspects they are an old dialect continuum, because they share numerous features that have not been traced to a single ancestor using comparative historical linguistics. The internal divisions of the languages are also unclear. William A. Foley considers the TNG identity of the Irian Highlands languages at least to be established. Classification The West Trans–New Guinea languages are a group of small families and isolates within Trans–New Guinea which are only tentatively connected. The Irian Highlands families (Dani languages, Dani and Paniai Lakes languages, Paniai Lakes) appear to belong together, and the Timor and West Bomberai languages share two probable innovations in their pronouns, compared to the rest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Irian Jaya New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the independent state of Papua New Guinea. The western half, known as Western New Guinea, forms a part of Indonesia and is organized as the provinces of Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua. The largest cities on the island are Jayapura (capital of Papua, Indonesia) and Port Moresby (capital of Papua New Guinea). Names The island has been known by various names: The name ''Papua'' was used to refer to parts of the island before contact with the West. Its etymology is unclear; one theory states that it derive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kaera Language Kaera is a Papuan language spoken on the northeastern coast of Pantar island in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... It belongs to the Timor-Alor-Pantar language family. Kaera is used alongside Indonesian in religious contexts, but not used in education. Phonology All the information in this section is from Klamer's sketch grammar. Consonants Vowels References External linksKaera Abangiwang Collectionat The Language Archive Alor–Pantar languages Articles citing ISO change requests Languages of Indonesia {{TNG-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ekagi Language Ekari (also ''Ekagi'', ''Kapauku'', ''Mee'') is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken by about 100,000 people in the Paniai lakes region of the Indonesian province of Papua, including the villages of Enarotali, Mapia and Moanemani. This makes it the second-most populous Papuan language in Indonesian New Guinea after Western Dani. Language use is vigorous. Documentation is quite limited. Phonology Consonants The voiced velar stop (ɡᶫ) is pronounced with lateral release. Doble (1987) describes both /k/ and /ɡᶫ/ as being labialized ʷ, ɡᶫʷafter the back vowels /o, u/ (i.e. ''okei'' 'they', ''euga'' 'more'), with ''g'' having 'varying' degrees of the lateral. Staroverov & Tebay (2019) describe /ɡᶫ/ as being velar lateral �ᶫbefore front vowels and uvular non-lateral �ʶbefore non-front vowels. When lateral, there is usually a stop onset, but occasionally just �is heard. /j/ is a 'more palatalized ' (perhaps or ) before the high front vowel /i/ (i.e. ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kwerba Languages The half dozen Kwerba languages form a small language family spoken in Jayapura Regency Jayapura Regency is one of the regencies (''kabupaten'') in Papua Province of Indonesia. It is situated to the west of but does not include the city of Jayapura. Previously covering most of the north-east portion of Papua province, it was reduce ... of Indonesian West Papua. Languages The languages are, * Bagusa * Kauwera (Kaowerawedj) * Kwerba (Sasawa, Air Mati) * Kwerba Mamberamo (Nopuk) * Trimuris References External links * Timothy Usher, New Guinea WorldKwerba {{Papuan languages Languages of Indonesia Kwerbic languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Substratum (linguistics) In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or superstrate is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways. An adstratum or adstrate is a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige. The notion of "strata" was first developed by the Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829–1907), and became known in the English-speaking world through the work of two different authors in 1932. Thus, both concepts apply to a situation where an intrusive language establishes itself in the territory of another, typically as the result of migration. Whether the superstratum case (the local language persists and the intrusive languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	South Bird's Head Languages The South Bird's Head or South Doberai languages are three families of Papuan languages. They form part of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Malcolm Ross (2005) and Timothy Usher (2020), though Pawley and Hammarström (2018) do not consider them to be part of Trans–New Guinea. However, according to Dryer (2022), based on a preliminary quantitative analysis of data from the ASJP database, South Bird's Head languages are likely to be a subgroup of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are as follows, * Konda-Yahadian (Yabin): Konda, Yahadian * Inanwatan (West South Bird's Head): Duriankere, Inanwatan (Suabo) * South Bird's Head proper (East South Bird's Head): Kais (Kampong Baru) Iwaro–Kaburi * Kaburi * Puragi (Iwaro) Kokoda–Arandai * Kokoda (Tarof, Kasuweri) * Arandai Kemberano (Weriagar, Barau) Dombano (Tomu) Noting low cognacy rates, Holton and Klamer (2018) tentatively consider the following three la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Stephen Wurm Stephen Adolphe Wurm ( hu, Wurm István Adolf, ; 19 August 1922 – 24 October 2001) was a Hungarian-born Australian linguist. Early life Wurm was born in Budapest, the second child to the German-speaking Adolphe Wurm and the Hungarian-speaking Anna Novroczky. He was christened Istvan Adolphe Wurm. His father died before Stephen was born. Both of his parents were multilingual, and Wurm showed an interest in languages from an early age. Attending school in Vienna and travelling to all parts of Europe during his childhood, Wurm spoke roughly nine languages by the time he reached adulthood, a gift he inherited from his father, who spoke 17. Wurm went on to master at least 50 languages. Career Wurm grew up stateless, unable to take the nationality of either of his parent or of his country of residence, Austria. That enabled him to avoid military service and attend university. He studied Turkic languages at the Oriental Institute in Vienna, receiving his doctorate in linguist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	West Papuan Languages The West Papuan languages are a proposed language family of about two dozen non-Austronesian languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula (Vogelkop or Doberai Peninsula) of far western New Guinea, the island of Halmahera and its vicinity, spoken by about 220,000 people in all. It is not established if they constitute a proper linguistic family or an areal network of genetically unrelated families. The best known "West Papuan" language is Ternate (50,000 native speakers) of the island of the same name, which is a regional lingua franca and which, along with neighboring Tidore, were the languages of the rival medieval Ternate and Tidore sultanates, famous for their role in the spice trade. Languages ;West Papuan * North Halmahera (Halmahera – West Makian) Core North Halmahera ''West Makian'' '' Amberbaken (Mpur)'' Yawa (Yapen) West–Central Bird's Head * West Bird's Head ''Abun'' '' Maybrat (Central Bird's Head)'' East Bird's Head * ''Burmeso'' Hatam–Mans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Johannes Cornelis Anceaux Johannes Cornelis Anceaux (born 4 July 1920 in Schiedam, Netherlands; died 6 August 1988 in Leiderdorp, Netherlands) was a Dutch linguist and anthropologist known for his extensive work on Papuan and Austronesian languages. Apart from his monographs on Wolio, Nimboran, and the languages of Yapen Island, Anceaux was also known for his wordlists of languages of Irian Jaya.Smits, Leo and Clemens L. Voorhoeve. 1998. ''The J. C. Anceaux Collection of Wordlists of Irian Jaya Languages B: Non-Austronesian (Papuan) Languages. Part II''. Irian Jaya Source Material 10 Series B 4. Leiden-Jakarta: DSALCUL/IRIS. Education In 1938, Anceaux began studying Indonesian literature at Leiden University. However, the outbreak of World War II interrupted his studies as he was drafted into the military. After Leiden University closed in 1940, he went to the University of Amsterdam, where he passed his examination in 1942. After the war ended, under the supervision of Cornelis Christiaan Berg (190 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Arthur Capell Arthur Capell (28 March 1902 – 10 August 1986) was an Australian linguist, who made major contributions to the study of Australian languages, Austronesian languages and Papuan languages. Early life Capell was born in Newtown, New South Wales in 1902, the only child of Sarah Ann (née Scott) and her husband, Henry Capell. He attended North Sydney Boys' High School. Career Capell graduated from the Sydney Teachers' College in Modern Languages in 1922 and the University of Sydney in the same year as the University medallist in Classics. He taught in high schools for three years at Canterbury Boys' Intermediate High and Tamworth High School. He was then ordained deacon in 1925 and priest in 1926 in the Church of England in Australia. He worked in Newcastle for a decade, as Curate, St Peter's, Hamilton (1926–28); Priest-in-Charge, All Saints, Belmont (1928–29); as a teacher at Broughton School for Boys in Newcastle (1929–32), where he was introduced to the anthropologist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. Lying within Wallacea (mostly east of the biogeographical Weber Line), the Maluku Islands have been considered as a geographical and cultural intersection of Asia and Oceania. The islands were known as the Spice Islands because of the nutmeg, mace and cloves that were exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked colonial interest from Europe in the sixteenth century. The Maluku Islands formed a single province from Indonesian independence until 1999, when it was split into two provinces. A new province, North Maluku, incorporates the area between Morotai and Sula, with the arc of islands from Buru and Seram to Wetar remaining within the existing Maluku Province. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	East Nusa Tenggara East Nusa Tenggara ( id, Nusa Tenggara Timur – NTT; pt, Sonda Oriental) is the southernmost province of Indonesia. It comprises the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, facing the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north. It consists of more than 500 islands, with the largest ones being Sumba, Flores, and the western part of Timor; the latter shares a land border with the separate nation of East Timor. The province is subdivided into twenty-one regencies and the regency-level city of Kupang, which is the capital and largest city. A Christian-majority region, East Nusa Tenggara is the only Indonesian province where Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion. The province has a total area of 47,931.54 km2 and a population of 5,325,566 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 5,387,738. Economically, East Nusa Tenggara still remains one of the least developed provinces in Indonesia. It currently focuses on expanding the touris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]