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Welsh Grammar
Welsh grammar reflects the patterns of linguistic structure that permeate the use of the Welsh language. In linguistics ''grammar'' refers to the domains of the syntax, morphology (linguistics), morphology, semantics, phonetics, and phonology. The following articles contain more information on Welsh: * Welsh syntax * Colloquial Welsh morphology (the patterns that shape the spoken language as it is used by present-day Welsh speakers.) ** Colloquial Welsh adjectives (the rules governing the use of adjectives in modern colloquial Welsh as used by first-language Welsh speakers in Wales.) ** Colloquial Welsh nouns (the rules governing the use of nouns and noun-phrases in modern colloquial Welsh as used by first-language Welsh speakers in Wales.) ** Colloquial Welsh prepositions (the rules governing the use of prepositions in modern colloquial Welsh as used by first-language Welsh speakers in Wales.) * Literary Welsh morphology (the rules governing the use of the formal written language, n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Welsh Language
Welsh ( or ) is a Celtic language family, Celtic language of the Brittonic languages, Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken natively in Wales, by some in England, and in Y Wladfa (the Welsh colony in Chubut Province, Argentina). Historically, it has also been known in English as "British", "Cambrian", "Cambric" and "Cymric". The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 gave the Welsh language official status in Wales. Both the Welsh and English languages are ''de jure'' official languages of the Welsh Parliament, the Senedd. According to the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 census, the Welsh-speaking population of Wales aged three or older was 17.8% (538,300 people) and nearly three quarters of the population in Wales said they had no Welsh language skills. Other estimates suggest that 29.7% (899,500) of people aged three or older in Wales could speak Welsh in June 2022. Almost half of all Welsh speakers consider themselves fluent Welsh speakers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colloquial Welsh Adjectives
Colloquialism (), also called colloquial language, everyday language or general parlance, is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the idiom normally employed in conversation and other informal contexts. Colloquialism is characterized by wide usage of interjections and other expressive devices; it makes use of non-specialist terminology, and has a rapidly changing lexicon. It can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and syntactic ordering. A specific instance of such language is termed a ''colloquialism''. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is ''colloquial''. Explanation Colloquialism or general parlance is distinct from formal speech or formal writing.colloquial. (n.d.) Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved September 10, 2008, froDictionary.com/ref> It is the form of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Welsh Numerals
The traditional counting system used in the Welsh language is vigesimal, i.e. based on twenties where numbers from 11–14 are "''x'' on ten", 16–19 are "''x'' on fifteen" (though 18 is more usually "two nines"); numbers from 21–39 are "1–19 on twenty", 40 is "two twenty", 60 is "three twenty", etc. There is also a decimal counting system, where numbers are "''x'' ten ''y''" unit(s), e.g. thirty-five in decimal is ' (three ten five) while in vigesimal it is ' (fifteen – itself "five-ten" – on twenty). Numerals Variation in form There is some syntactically and phonologically triggered variation in the form of numerals. There are, for example, masculine and feminine forms of the numbers "two" (' and '), "three" (' and ') and "four" (' and '), which must agree with the grammatical gender of the objects being counted. The numerals for "five", "six" and "hundred" (', ' and ') also have reduced forms (', ', ') when they precede the object they are counting. The words for "te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Welsh Orthography
Welsh orthography uses 29 letters (including eight digraphs) of the Latin script to write native Welsh words as well as established loanwords. The acute accent (), the grave accent (), the circumflex (, , or ) and the diaeresis mark () are also used on vowels, but accented letters are not regarded as part of the alphabet. The letter ''j'' has been accepted into Welsh orthography only relatively recently: for use in those words borrowed from English in which the sound is retained in Welsh, even where that sound is not represented by ''j'' in English spelling, as in ("garage") and ("fridge"). Older borrowings of English words containing resulted in the sound being pronounced and spelt in various other ways, resulting in occasional doublets such as and ("Japan"). The letters ''k'', ''q'', ''v'', ''x'' and ''z'' are sometimes used in technical terms, like ''kilogram'', ''volt'' and ''zero'', but in all cases can be, and often are, replaced by Welsh letters: , and . Histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Welsh Phonology
The phonology of Welsh language, Welsh is characterised by a number of sounds that do not occur in English language, English and are rare in Languages of Europe, European languages, such as the Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives, voiceless alveolar lateral fricative and several Sonorant#Voiceless, voiceless sonorants (nasal consonant, nasals and liquid consonant, liquids), some of which result from Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation, consonant mutation. Stress (linguistics), Stress usually falls on the Penult, penultimate syllable in polysyllabic words, while the word-final unstressed syllable receives a higher Pitch accent, pitch than the stressed syllable. Consonants Welsh has the following consonant phonemes: Symbols in parentheses are either allophones, or found only in loanwords. The sound generally occurs in loanwords, e.g. ''sŵ'' ('zoo'), although this is usually realised as in Welsh language#Dialects, northern accents, e.g. . The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literary Welsh Morphology
The morphology of the Welsh language shows many characteristics perhaps unfamiliar to speakers of English or continental European languages like French or German, but has much in common with the other modern Insular Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Cornish, and Breton. Welsh is a moderately inflected language. Verbs conjugate for person, tense and mood with affirmative, interrogative and negative conjugations of some verbs. A majority of prepositions inflect for person and number. There are few case inflections in Literary Welsh, being confined to certain pronouns. Modern Welsh can be written in two varieties – Colloquial Welsh or Literary Welsh. The grammar described on this article is for Literary Welsh. Initial consonant mutation Initial consonant mutation is a phenomenon common to all Insular Celtic languages (there is no evidence of it in the ancient Continental Celtic languages of the early first millennium). The first consonant of a word in Welsh may c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colloquial Welsh Prepositions
Colloquialism (), also called colloquial language, everyday language or general parlance, is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the idiom normally employed in conversation and other informal contexts. Colloquialism is characterized by wide usage of interjections and other expressive devices; it makes use of non-specialist terminology, and has a rapidly changing lexicon. It can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and syntactic ordering. A specific instance of such language is termed a ''colloquialism''. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is ''colloquial''. Explanation Colloquialism or general parlance is distinct from formal speech or formal writing.colloquial. (n.d.) Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved September 10, 2008, froDictionary.com/ref> It is the form of language that speakers typically use when they are rel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colloquial Welsh Nouns
Colloquial Welsh nouns deals with the nouns (Welsh: ) of the colloquial Welsh language, the spoken register of the modern Welsh language as spoken in Wales by first-language speakers. This page does not deal with the literary standard forms nor any dialect which may have arisen outside of Wales. Welsh has two standardised forms: ''Literary Welsh'' – a conservative language reserved for literary purposes which retains some features of older Welsh; and ''Colloquial Welsh'' – the Welsh one will hear being spoken in Welsh speaking areas. For the most part the two languages share rules governing nouns, though one may encounter differences. Colloquial Welsh also shows some variation in initial-consonant mutations, which is explained below, while the literary form retains the proper mutations in all cases. Introduction to the Welsh noun Nouns are words that names things, places, people, ideas, and concepts. They are the largest category of words in the Welsh language and fall into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colloquial Welsh Morphology
The morphology of the Welsh language has many characteristics likely to be unfamiliar to speakers of English or continental European languages like French or German, but has much in common with the other modern Insular Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Cornish, and Breton. Welsh is a moderately inflected language. Verbs inflect for person, number, tense, and mood, with affirmative, interrogative, and negative conjugations of some verbs. There is no case inflection in Modern Welsh. Modern Welsh can be written, and spoken, in several levels of formality, for example colloquial or literary, as well as different dialects. The grammar described in this article is for Colloquial Welsh, which is used for speech and informal writing. Literary Welsh is closer to the form of Welsh used in the William Morgan's 1588 translation of the Bible and can be seen in formal writing. It does not reflect the spoken language presented here. Initial consonant mutation Initial consonan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguistics is concerned with both the cognitive and social aspects of language. It is considered a scientific field as well as an academic discipline; it has been classified as a social science, natural science, cognitive science,Thagard, PaulCognitive Science, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). or part of the humanities. Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to phenomena found in human linguistic systems, such as syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences); semantics (meaning); morphology (structure of words); phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages); phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language); and pragmatics (how social con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Welsh Syntax
The syntax of the Welsh language has much in common with the syntax of other Insular Celtic languages. It is, for example, heavily right-branching (including a verb–subject–object word order), and the verb for ''be'' (in Welsh, ''bod'') is crucial to constructing many different types of clauses. Any verb may be inflected for three tenses ( preterite, future, and unreality), and a range of additional tenses are constructed with auxiliary verbs and particles. Welsh lacks true subordinating conjunctions, and instead relies on special verb forms and preverbal particles to create subordinate clauses. There are at least four registers or varieties of Welsh that the term ''Modern Welsh'' is used to describe. There is ''Biblical Welsh'', which is archaic and not part of colloquial usage, although some educated Welsh speakers are familiar with it. Two more registers are ''Literary Welsh'' and ''Colloquial Welsh''; this article primarily describes Colloquial Welsh, except where not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phonology
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but may now relate to any linguistic analysis either: Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ('chereme' instead of 'phoneme', etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all human languages. Terminology The word 'phonology' (as in 'phonology of English') can refer either to the field of study or to the phonological system of a given language. This is one of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
