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Vietnamese Mạch
The mạch ( Hán tự: 陌) was a Vietnamese currency unit introduced in 1837 during the Nguyễn dynasty, the mạch represented a value of 60 văn (文, or 60 zinc cash coins) and was itself of the quán (貫). The mạch currency unit was used on both copper-alloy cash coins and silver ingots, the only series of cash coins to use the character "mạch" (陌) in its inscription was the Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔) cash coins, but had been previously used as a denomination (by imperial decree) for larger cash coins under the Minh Mạng Emperor. Unlike smaller coins, cash coins denominated in ''mạch'' were usually strung in strings of 10 coins. History The Minh Mạng emperor issued an imperial edict in 1837 stating "it is ruled under the terms of the law that the large monies of brass bearing moral inscriptions will have the value of a Mạch. One will make use of it in transactions and their value is thus fixed for all". These larger cash coins with "mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary
Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary ( vi, từ Hán Việt, Chữ Hán: 詞漢越, literally ' Chinese-Vietnamese words') is a layer of some 3,000 monosyllabic morphemes of the Vietnamese language borrowed from Literary Chinese with consistent pronunciations based on "Annamese" Middle Chinese. Compounds using these morphemes are used extensively in cultural and technical vocabulary. Together with Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese vocabularies, Sino-Vietnamese has been used in the reconstruction of the sound categories of Middle Chinese. Samuel Martin grouped the three together as " Sino-xenic". There is also an Old Sino-Vietnamese layer consisting of a few hundred words borrowed individually from Chinese in earlier periods. These words are treated by speakers as native. More recent loans from southern varieties of Chinese, usually names of foodstuffs such as 'Chinese sausage', are not treated as Sino-Vietnamese. Estimates of the proportion of words of Chinese origin in the Vietnamese lexico ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Works (Vietnam)
Ministry of Works may refer to: * Ministry of Works (Bahrain), a government ministry overseeing public works * Ministry of Works and Human Settlement (Bhutan) * Ministry of Works (imperial China), between the Tang and Qing dynasties * Ministry of Works (Malaysia) * Ministry of Works (Tanzania), a government ministry overseeing public works * Ministry of Works (United Kingdom) (1943–1962), a former ministry now divided between the Department of the Environment and the Property Services Agency See also * Ministry of Public Works * Ministry of Housing and Works (Pakistan) * Pakistan Public Works Department * Ministry of Works and Development of New Zealand * Ministry of Works and Transport (other) Ministry of Works and Transport can refer to: *Ministry of Works and Transport (Botswana) *Ministry of Works and Transport (Malaysia) *Ministry of Works and Transport (Namibia) *Ministry of Works and Transport (Uganda) The Ministry of Works and Tr ... * Rivers State Ministry of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria (modern-day Northeast China and Outer Manchuria). It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multiethnic Qing dynasty lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xianfeng Emperor
The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), or by temple name Emperor Wenzong of Qing (), given name Yizhu (), was the eighth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1850 to 1861. During his reign, the Qing dynasty experienced several wars and rebellions including the Taiping Rebellion, Nian Rebellion, and Second Opium War (Arrow War). He was the last Chinese emperor to have authoritarian and total executive ruling power. After his death, the Qing government was controlled by Empress Dowager Cixi. Family and early life Yizhu was born in 1831 at the Old Summer Palace, eight kilometres northwest of Beijing. He was from the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, and was the fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor. His mother was the Noble Consort Quan, of the Manchu Niohuru clan, who was made Empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoquancheng. Yizhu was reputed to have an ability in literature and administrat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xianfeng Coinage
__NOTOC__ Xianfeng may refer to: *Xianfeng Emperor (1831–1861, reigned 1850–1861), Qing dynasty emperor * Xianfeng Motorcycle, a brand of the Chinese company Yinxiang Motorcycle Places in China * Xianfeng County, a county in Enshi, Hubei Towns * Xianfeng, Chongqing, in Jiangjin District, Chongqing * Xianfeng, Wangkui County, in Wangkui County, Heilongjiang * Xianfeng, Urad Front Banner, in Urad Front Banner, Inner Mongolia * Xianfeng, Yilong County, in Yilong County, Sichuan * Xianfeng, Yunnan, in Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Townships * Xianfeng Township, Gansu, in Linxia County, Gansu * Xianfeng Township, Heilongjiang, in Yi'an County, Heilongjiang * Xianfeng Township, Inner Mongolia, in Ar Horqin Banner, Inner Mongolia * Xianfeng Township, Jilin, in Yushu, Jilin * Xianfeng Township, Sichuan, in Mianning County, Sichuan Subdistricts * Xianfeng Subdistrict, Baoding, in Jingxiu District, Baoding, Hebei * Xianfeng Subdistrict, Mudanjiang, in Xi'an Dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nominal Value
In economics, nominal value is measured in terms of money, whereas real value is measured against goods or services. A real value is one which has been adjusted for inflation, enabling comparison of quantities as if the prices of goods had not changed on average; therefore, changes in real value exclude the effect of inflation. In contrast, a nominal value has not been adjusted for inflation, and so changes in nominal value reflect at least in part the effect of inflation but will not hold the same purchasing power. Commodity bundles, price indices and inflation A commodity bundle is a sample of goods, which is used to represent the sum total of goods across the economy to which the goods belong, for the purpose of comparison across different times (or locations). At a single point of time, a commodity bundle consists of a list of goods, and each good in the list has a market price and a quantity. The market value of the good is the market price times the quantity at that poi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiền
The term ''tiền'' ( Hán tự: 錢) is used to refer to various currency-related concepts used in Vietnamese history. The name is a cognate with the Chinese ''qián'' (錢), a unit of weight called " mace" in English. It can refer to a unit of weight used in precious metal coinages as well as the number of cash coins in a string. The name was also used for different awards, both Chinese-style and Western-style awards given in Vietnam throughout different times of its history. The word ''tiền'' is also the Vietnamese word for the concept of money in general. Cash coins In cash coins the term ''tiền'' could be used to refer to sub-strings of 10 cash coins in a string of 100~600. Though the quality of cash coins was also important for counting a ''tiền'', in 1945 a ''tiền'' of '' tiền gián'' included 36 cash coins, while a ''tiền'' of '' tiền quý'' included 60 cash coins. Precious metal coinages In the early 19th century, silver and gold bars were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academia
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 385 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom and skill, north of Athens, Greece. Etymology The word comes from the ''Academy'' in ancient Greece, which derives from the Athenian hero, ''Akademos''. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, hence the expression "the groves of Academe". In these gardens, the philosopher Plato conversed with followers. Plato developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in 387 BC, established what is known today as the Old Academy. By extension, ''academia'' has come to mean the accumulation, d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Thierry (numismatist)
François Thierry de Crussol is a French numismatist, specialising in East Asian currency. (His Chinese name is 蒂埃里 Di Ali). Career Thierry is honorary curator at the Département des Monnaies et Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale de France. Before retirement he was curator of Oriental coins, and a leading scholar in this field, having produced several well-received books, catalogues of the BnF collection, and numerous articles relating to East Asian numismatics. Awards and honours * 2006 Awarded the Medal of the Royal Numismatic Society * 2017 Awarded the Prix Hirayama - by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, f ... - for his book ''Les monnaies de la Chine ancienne, des origines à la fin de l'Empire'' (Paris, Les ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tự Đức Thông Bảo
Tự Đức Thông Bảo ( Hán tự: 嗣德通寶) was an inscription used on different coins made from various metals and alloys during the reign of Emperor Tự Đức. The coinage of Tự Đức saw the introduction of the term '' văn'' (文) which was an accounting unit used for copper-alloy cash coins denominating their worth in number of zinc cash coins with a weight of 6 phần. These coins circulated alongside another series of issued under Emperor Tự Đức, the Tự Đức Bảo Sao. History The sapèqueries of Đại Nam under Emperor Tự Đức were operated by the ''Hanoi Office of Current Money'' (河內通寶局, "Hà-Nội Thông Bảo Cục") which replaced the former ''Office of Currency'' (Bảo Tuyền Cục) and the ''Capital Office of Currency'' (Bảo Hoá Kinh Cục), and the main sapèqueries were located in Huế while mints were also in operation in Hanoi, Sơn Tây, and Bắc Ninh. The Tổng Đốc had the authority to give permits to Chinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
