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Varroa Jacobsoni
''Varroa jacobsoni'' is a species of mite that parasitises ''Apis cerana'' (Asian honey bees). The more damaging ''Varroa destructor'' was previously included under the name ''V. jacobsoni'', but the two species can be separated on the basis of the DNA sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I gene in the mitochondrial DNA. Biogeography Prior to recent studies, ''V. jacobsoni'' was considered homogeneous; however, current research has detected genetic variance among populations by using genetic markers. This finding has led to the belief that ''V. jacobsoni'' was introduced to the Americas multiple times. The hosts switching between the eastern ''A. cerana'' and the western ''A. mellifera'' is the major factor that broadens the pathological transmission of ''V. jacobsoni''. It has spread worldwide with the exception of Australia and central Africa. Evolution At least 30 lineages of mites have specialised in living with bees. Most mite species associa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans
Anthonie (Antoon) Cornelis Oudemans Jzn (November 12, 1858 – January 14, 1943) was a Dutch zoologist. Although he was a specialist in acarology, the study of the ticks and mites, he was often best known for his books on sea monsters and the dodo. Born in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, he was the son of the noted Dutch astronomer Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans and the grandson of the Dutch educator, poet and philologist Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans Sr., after whom he was named. He often used the patronymic "Jzn" (for ''Jeanzoon'') in his publications. A cousin was the entomologist J.T. Oudemans. He was educated at Arnhem and went to the University of Utrecht. He wrote his dissertation on ribbon worms, and in 1885 was appointed director of the Royal Zoological Gardens at The Hague. Oudemans worked on the acari and comprehensively reviewed all literature until 1850 in a series of articles titled ''Kritisch historisch Overzicht der Acarologie''. He described numerous species not only ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Experimental And Applied Acarology
''Experimental and Applied Acarology'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of acarology. It was established in 1985 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Maurice W. Sabelis (University of Amsterdam The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, nl, Universiteit van Amsterdam) is a public research university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The UvA is one of two large, publicly funded research universities in the city, the other being ...). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: External links * Acarology journals English-language journals Springer Science+Business Media academic journals Publications established in 1985 Monthly journals {{zoo-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesostigmata
Mesostigmata is an order of mites belonging to the Parasitiformes. They are by far the largest group of Parasitiformes, with over 8,000 species in 130 families. Mesostigmata includes parasitic as well as free-living and predatory forms. They can be recognized by the single pair of spiracles positioned laterally on the body. The family with the most described species is Phytoseiidae. Other families of note are Diplogyniidae, Macrochelidae, Pachylaelapidae, Uropodidae and Veigaiidae. Amongst the best known species are ''Varroa destructor'', an economically important parasite of honey bees, as well as the red mite (''Dermanyssus gallinae'') a parasite of poultry, most commonly chickens. Description Mesostigmata are mites ranging from 0.12-4 mm long (0.2-4 mm according to another source). They have a pair of stigmatal openings above legs III-IV usually associated with a peritrematal groove. The gnathosoma has a sclerotised ring around the bases of the chelicerae (basis capitul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dorsal (anatomy)
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of anatomical planes and anatomical axes. The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is bipedal or quadrupedal. Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that a part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standard vocabularies for subdisciplines of anatom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluvalinate
Fluvalinate is a synthetic pyrethroid chemical compound contained as an active agent in the products Apistan, Klartan, and Minadox, that is an acaricide (specifically, a miticide), commonly used to control ''Varroa'' mites in honey bee colonies, infestations that constitute a significant disease of such insects. Fluvalinate is a stable, nonvolatile, viscous, heavy oil (technical) soluble in organic solvents. Although the compound may be found in drones, a study has found honey samples virtually absent of fluvalinate, on account of its affinity to beeswax. Stereoisomerism Fluvalinate is synthesized from racemic valine RS)-valine the synthesis is not diastereoselective. Thus, fluvalinate is a mixture of four stereoisomers, each about 25%. ''Tau''-fluvalinate (τ-fluvalinate) is the trivial name for (2''R'')-fluvalinate. The C atom in the valinate structure is in (''R'')-absolute configuration, while the second chiral atom is a mixture of (''R'')- and (''S'')-configurati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flumethrin
Flumethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. It is used externally in veterinary medicine against parasitic insects and ticks on cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and dogs, and the treatment of parasitic mites in honeybee colonies. Chemistry Flumethrin is a complex mixture of stereoisomers. The molecule contains three asymmetric carbon atoms, there is cis-trans isomerism at the cyclopropane ring, and cis-trans isomerism at the carbon-carbon double bond of the alkene. So there are 16 different isomers. Commercial flumethrin typically contains 92% of the trans isomers on the cyclopropane ring and the cis-configuration at the olefinic carbon-carbon double bond and 8% of the isomer with cis geometry on the cyclopropane ring and the cis-configuration at the olefinic carbon-carbon double bond. Uses Flumethrin is used in products, such as flea and tick collars, to protect pets against fleas. It is also used in the proprietary product, ″Bayvarol″, ″Polyvar Yellow″ which are veterinar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coumaphos
Coumaphos is a nonvolatile, fat-soluble phosphorothioate with ectoparasiticide properties: it kills insects and mites. It is well known by a variety of brand names as a dip or wash, used on farm and domestic animals to control ticks, mites, flies and fleas. It is also used to control ''Varroa'' mites in honey bee colonies, though in many areas it is falling out of favor as the mites develop resistance and as the residual toxicity effects are becoming better understood. In Australia, its registration as suited to home veterinary use was cancelled by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority in June 2004 after the manufacturer failed to show it was safe for use on pets. The compound has been linked to neurological problems in bees, and may be a factor in colony collapse. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act The Emergency Planning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlordimeform
Chlordimeform is an acaricide (pesticide) active mainly against motile forms of mites and ticks and against eggs and early instars of some '' Lepidoptera'' insects. After the International Agency for Research on Cancer reported sufficient evidence that its major metabolite, 4-chloro-''o''-toluidine, was a carcinogen A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis (the formation of cancer). This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive subs ..., its use has ceased and its registration has been withdrawn in most countries. References {{insecticides Amidines Organochloride insecticides Benzene derivatives ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromopropylate
Bromopropylate is a chemical compound used as an acaricide against spider mites in apiaries and on fruit crops such as citrus and grapes. It was banned by the European Union in 2011. Preparation Bromopropylate is prepared by the esterification of the 4,4'-dibromo derivative of benzilic acid with isopropanol Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol and also called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable organic compound with a pungent alcoholic odor. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (chemical formula ) it is the simple .... : References {{reflist Acaricides Bromoarenes Carboxylate esters Tertiary alcohols Isopropyl esters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amitraz
Amitraz (development code BTS27419) is a non-systemic acaricide and insecticideCorta, E., Bakkali, A., Berrueta, L. A., Gallo, B., & Vicente, F. (1999). Kinetics and mechanism of amitraz hydrolysis in aqueous media by HPLC and GC-MS. Talanta, 48(1), 189-199 and has also been described as a scabicide. It was first synthesized by the Boots Co. in England in 1969.Harrison, I. R., et al. (1973). 1,3,5-Triazapenta-1, 4-dienes: Chemical aspects of a new group of pesticides. Pestic. Sci. 4: 901 Amitraz has been found to have an insect repellent effect, works as an insecticide and also as a pesticide synergist.PubChem Substance. Amitraz – Substance Summary. retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=24868774#x332 Its effectiveness is traced back on alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, interaction with octopamine receptors of the central nervous system and inhibition of monoamine oxidases and prostaglandin synthesis. Therefore, it leads to overexcitation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acrinathrin
Acrinathrin (Rufast and other trade names) is a pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide derived from hexafluoro-2-propanol. In beekeeping, it is used to control the mite ''Varroa jacobsoni ''Varroa jacobsoni'' is a species of mite that parasitises ''Apis cerana'' (Asian honey bees). The more damaging ''Varroa destructor'' was previously included under the name ''V. jacobsoni'', but the two species can be separated on the bas ...'', though resistance is developing. References (cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl) 2,2,3-trimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates Acaricides Trifluoromethyl compounds {{organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tick
Ticks (order Ixodida) are parasitic arachnids that are part of the mite superorder Parasitiformes. Adult ticks are approximately 3 to 5 mm in length depending on age, sex, species, and "fullness". Ticks are external parasites, living by feeding on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians. The timing of the origin of ticks is uncertain, though the oldest known tick fossils are from the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years old. Ticks are widely distributed around the world, especially in warm, humid climates. Ticks belong to two major families, the Ixodidae or hard ticks, and the Argasidae, or soft ticks. ''Nuttalliella,'' a genus of tick from southern Africa is the only member of the family Nuttalliellidae, and represents the most primitive living lineage of ticks. Adults have ovoid/pear-shaped bodies (idiosomas) which become engorged with blood when they feed, and eight legs. Their cephalothorax and abdomen are completely fused. In addit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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