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Volvopluteus
''Volvopluteus'' is a genus of small to medium-sized or big saprotrophic mushrooms growing worldwide. The genus has been segregated from ''Volvariella'' with which it shares some morphological characteristics such as the presence of a volva and a pink to pink-brown spore print. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA data have shown that ''Volvopluteus'' is closely related to ''Pluteus'' and both genera currently are classified in the family Pluteaceae, while ''Volvariella'' is not closely related to either genus and its position in the Agaricales is still uncertain. Etymology ''Volvopluteus'' literally means "''Pluteus'' with a volva", making reference at the same time to the close relationship between both genera and to the presence of a volva, one of the morphological characteristics that separates them. Description Macroscopic characters ''Volvopluteus'' fruit bodies vary from relatively small (cap in diameter) to large (cap in diameter), are pluteoid (i.e. with free lame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volvopluteus Gloiocephalus - Basidiospores
''Volvopluteus'' is a genus of small to medium-sized or big saprotrophic mushrooms growing worldwide. The genus has been segregated from '' Volvariella'' with which it shares some morphological characteristics such as the presence of a volva and a pink to pink-brown spore print. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA data have shown that ''Volvopluteus'' is closely related to '' Pluteus'' and both genera currently are classified in the family Pluteaceae, while ''Volvariella'' is not closely related to either genus and its position in the Agaricales is still uncertain. Etymology ''Volvopluteus'' literally means "''Pluteus'' with a volva", making reference at the same time to the close relationship between both genera and to the presence of a volva, one of the morphological characteristics that separates them. Description Macroscopic characters ''Volvopluteus'' fruit bodies vary from relatively small ( cap in diameter) to large (cap in diameter), are pluteoid (i.e. with free ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volvopluteus Gloiocephalus
''Volvopluteus gloiocephalus,'' commonly known as the big sheath mushroom, rose-gilled grisette, or stubble rosegill, is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. For most of the 20th century it has been known under the names ''Volvariella gloiocephala'' or ''Volvariella speciosa'', but recent molecular studies have placed it as the type species of the genus '' Volvopluteus'', newly created in 2011. The cap of this mushroom is about in diameter, varies from white to grey or grey-brown, and is markedly sticky when fresh. The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and has a sack-like volva at the base. Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating ''V. gloiocephalus'' from related species. ''V. gloiocephalus'' is a saprotrophic fungus that grows on grassy fields and accumulations of organic matter like compost or woodchips piles. It has been reported from all continents except Antarctica. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volvopluteus Earlei
''Volvopluteus earlei'' is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It was originally described in 1911 by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill as ''Volvariopsis earlei'', based on collections made in a Cuban banana field. The fungus was later shuffled to the genera ''Volvaria'' and ''Volvariella'' before molecular studies placed it in ''Volvopluteus'', a genus newly described in 2011. The cap of ''Volvopluteus earlei'' is typically between in diameter, white, and is markedly viscid when fresh. The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and measures long and wide. It has a smooth, white, sac-like volva at its base. The cap produces a pinkish-brown spore print made of individual elliptical spores measuring up to 11 micrometers long. A saprotrophic fungus that grows on grassy fields, ''V. earlei'' has been reported from Africa, Europe, and North America. Microscopic features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volvopluteus Michiganensis
''Volvopluteus michiganensis'' is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It was originally described under the name ''Pluteus michiganensis'' but molecular studies have placed it in the ''Volvopluteus'', a genus described in 2011. The cap of this mushroom is about in diameter, gray, and has a cracked margin that is sticky when fresh. The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and has a volva at the base. Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating this taxon from related species. ''V. michiganensis'' is a saprotrophic fungus that was originally described as growing on sawdust. It has only been reported from Michigan (USA) and the Dominican Republic. Taxonomy This species was originally described by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith in 1934 as ''Pluteus michiganensis'', based on collections made in Ann Arbor in October 1932. In the original description there is no mention of a volva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volvopluteus Asiaticus
''Volvopluteus asiaticus'' is a species of mushroom in the Pluteaceae family. The cap of this mushroom is about in diameter, greyish brown to brown. The gills start out white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and has a volva at the base. Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating this taxon from related species. ''V. asiaticus'' is a saprotrophic fungus that was originally described as growing on the ground, in the humus layer. It is only known from Hokkaido (Japan). Taxonomy The type collection of this species was originally reported under the name ''Volvariella gloiocephala'' by Takehashi and colleagues in 2010. Morphological revision and DNA sequence data obtained from these specimens showed that this taxon belongs in the genus ''Volvopluteus'' and that is a separate species from all the other members of that genus. The epithet ''asiaticus'' makes reference to the fact that this species was originally described ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pluteaceae
The Pluteaceae are a family of small to medium-sized mushrooms which have free gill attachment and pink spores. Members of Pluteaceae can be mistaken for members of Entolomataceae, but can be distinguished by the angled spores and attached gills of the Entolomataceae. The four genera in the Pluteaceae comprise the widely distributed ''Volvariella'' and ''Pluteus'', the rare '' Chamaeota'', and ''Volvopluteus'', which was newly described in 2011 as a result of molecular analysis. The ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008) estimates there are 364 species in the family. Selected species * ''Pluteus cervinus'', synonym ''Pluteus atricapillus'', or deer mushroom * ''Pluteus concentricus'' * ''Pluteus leoninus'' * ''Pluteus murinus'' * ''Pluteus salicinus'', or the knackers crumpet (hallucinogenic) * ''Volvariella volvacea'' * ''Volvopluteus gloiocephalus ''Volvopluteus gloiocephalus,'' commonly known as the big sheath mushroom, rose-gilled grisette, or stubble rose ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augustin Pyramus De Candolle
Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle had established a new genus, and he went on to document hundreds of plant families and create a new natural plant classification system. Although de Candolle's main focus was botany, he also contributed to related fields such as phytogeography, agronomy, paleontology, medical botany, and economic botany. De Candolle originated the idea of "Nature's war", which influenced Charles Darwin and the principle of natural selection. de Candolle recognized that multiple species may develop similar characteristics that did not appear in a common evolutionary ancestor; a phenomenon now known as convergent evolution. During his work with plants, de Candolle noticed that plant leaf movements follow a near-24-hour cycle in constant light, suggestin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pileipellis (ixocutis) Of Volvopluteus Gloiocephalus
The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fruit body. It covers the trama, the fleshy tissue of the fruit body. The pileipellis is more or less synonymous with the cuticle, but the cuticle generally describes this layer as a macroscopic feature, while pileipellis refers to this structure as a microscopic layer. Pileipellis type is an important character in the identification of fungi. Pileipellis types include the cutis, trichoderm, epithelium, and hymeniderm types. Types Cutis A cutis is a type of pileipellis characterized by hyphae that are repent, that is, that run parallel to the pileus surface. In an ixocutis, the hyphae are gelatinous. Trichoderm In a trichoderm, the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. The prefix "tricho-" comes from a Greek word for "hair". In an ixotrichodermium, the outermost hyphae are gelatinous. Epithelium An epithelium is a pileipellis consisting of rounded ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamella (mycology)
In mycology, a lamella, or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, ''Lactarius'' species typically seep latex from their gills. It was originally believed that all gilled fungi were Agaricales, but as fungi were studied in more detail, some gilled species were demonstrated not to be. It is now clear that this is a case of convergent evolution (i.e. gill-like structures evolved separately) rather than being an anatomic feature that evolved only once. The apparent reason that various basidiomycetes have evolved gills is that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pruinose
Pruinescence , or pruinosity, is a "frosted" or dusty-looking coating on top of a surface. It may also be called a pruina (plural: ''pruinae''), from the Latin word for hoarfrost. The adjectival form is pruinose . Entomology In insects, a "bloom" caused by wax particles on top of an insect's cuticle covers up the underlying coloration, giving a dusty or frosted appearance. The pruinescence is commonly white to pale blue in color but can be gray, pink, purple, or red; these colors may be produced by Tyndall scattering of light. When pale in color, pruinescence often strongly reflects ultraviolet. Pruinescence is found in many species of Odonata, particularly damselflies of the families Lestidae and Coenagrionidae, where it occurs on the wings and body. Among true dragonflies it is most common on male Libellulidae (skimmers). In the common whitetail and blue dasher dragonflies (''Plathemis lydia'' and ''Pachydiplax longipennis''), males display the pruinescence on the back of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrometre
The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-" = ); that is, one millionth of a metre (or one thousandth of a millimetre, , or about ). The nearest smaller common SI unit is the nanometre, equivalent to one thousandth of a micrometre, one millionth of a millimetre or one billionth of a metre (). The micrometre is a common unit of measurement for wavelengths of infrared radiation as well as sizes of biological cells and bacteria, and for grading wool by the diameter of the fibres. The width of a single human hair ranges from approximately 20 to . The longest human chromosome, chromosome 1, is approximately in length. Examples Between 1 μm and 10 μm: * 1–10 μm – length of a typical bacterium * 3–8 μm – width of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. Typically, four basidiospores develop on appendages from each basidium, of which two are of one strain and the other two of its opposite strain. In gills under a cap of one common species, there exist millions of basidia. Some gilled mushrooms in the order Agaricales have the ability to release billions of spores. The puffball fungus ''Calvatia gigantea'' has been calculated to produce about five trillion basidiospores. Most basidiospores are forcibly discharged, and are thus considered ballistospores. These spores serve as the main air dispersal units for the fungi. The spores are released during periods of high humidity and generally have a night-time or pre-dawn peak concentration in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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