Vinyl Sulfone Dyes
Vinyl sulfone dyes are reactive dyes comprising a vinyl sulfone group as reactive group (a fiber-bonding site of the reactive dye, "reactive hook"). Due to the relatively high reactivity of the vinyl sulfone group with water (residual moisture, air humidity), it is present in many commercial products in a protected form. For protection, an ethylsulfonyl group is substituted with a leaving group. During the dyeing process under alkaline conditions, the vinyl sulfone group is released by an elimination reaction: Formation of the vinyl sulfone group by alkaline elimination. R= alkyl or aryl radical, X=-OSO3H, -Cl Chemical structure The vinyl sulfone reactive anchor is usually introduced into the reactive dye via an aromatic or aliphatic amine. The oldest and most common intermediate is vinyl sulfone parabase ester (see image), an aniline substituted with a -(sulfooxy)ethylulfonyl group. The vinyl sulfone parabase ester can be used as a diazo component in the preparation of azo ...
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Methoxy Group
In organic chemistry, a methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula . On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the ''para'' position as an electron-donating group, but as an electron-withdrawing group if at the ''meta'' position. At the ''ortho'' position, steric effects are likely to cause a significant alteration in the Hammett equation prediction which otherwise follows the same trend as that of the ''para'' position. Occurrence The simplest of methoxy compounds are methanol and dimethyl ether. Other methoxy ethers include anisole and vanillin. Many alkoxides contain methoxy groups, e.g. tetramethyl orthosilicate and titanium methoxide. Such compounds are often classified as methoxides. Esters with a methoxy group can be referred to as methyl esters, and the —COOCH3 substituent is called a methoxycarbonyl. Biosynthesis In nature, methoxy groups are found on nucleosi ...
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Dyes
A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. There are two broad categories of dyes: natural and synthetic; Natural dyes are dyes extracted from plants, Insects, or minerals. The majority of natural dyes are vegetable dyes derived from plant sources such as roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood, as well as other biological sources like fungi. Synthetic dyes are also referred to as "coal tar dyes" because they are derived from substances that, until recently, could only be extracted from coal tar. A synthetic dye consists of a chromophore and an auxochrome added to a benzene derivative. Both dyes and pigments are colored, because they absorb only some wavelengths of visible light. Dyes are usually soluble i ...
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Reactive Blue 235
Reactive may refer to: *Generally, capable of having a reaction (other) *An adjective abbreviation denoting a bowling ball coverstock made of reactive resin * Reactivity (chemistry) * Reactive mind * Reactive programming See also * Reactance (other) *Reactivity (other) Reactivity may refer to: * Reactivity (chemistry), the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction * Reactive programming, a property of an execution model whereby changes are automatically propagated through a dataf ...

Reactive Orange 107
Reactive may refer to: *Generally, capable of having a reaction (other) *An adjective abbreviation denoting a bowling ball coverstock made of reactive resin * Reactivity (chemistry) * Reactive mind * Reactive programming See also * Reactance (other) *Reactivity (other) Reactivity may refer to: * Reactivity (chemistry), the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction * Reactive programming, a property of an execution model whereby changes are automatically propagated through a dataf ...

Reactive Blue 19
Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) is an anthraquinone dye Anthraquinone dyes are an abundant group of dyes comprising a anthraquinone unit as the shared structural element. Anthraquinone itself is colourless, but red to blue dyes are obtained by introducing electron donor groups such as hydroxy or amino ... used in textile industries. It is a harmful dye and can damage aquatic life and also vegetative life if the contaminated water is used for irrigation. Recent studies have suggested a biological approach to solving this problem through the use of microorganisms to degrade the dye. References External links * {{cite journal , doi=10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.027 , volume=249 , issue=3 , title=Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto immobilized Scenedesmus quadricauda: Equilibrium and kinetic modeling studies , journal=Desalination , pages=1308–1314 , last1 = Ergene , first1 = Aysun, year=2009 Anthraquinone dyes ...
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Reactive Red 239
Reactive may refer to: *Generally, capable of having a reaction (other) *An adjective abbreviation denoting a bowling ball coverstock made of reactive resin * Reactivity (chemistry) * Reactive mind * Reactive programming See also * Reactance (other) *Reactivity (other) Reactivity may refer to: * Reactivity (chemistry), the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction * Reactive programming, a property of an execution model whereby changes are automatically propagated through a dataf ...

Ciba-Geigy
Novartis AG is a Swiss-American multinational pharmaceutical corporation based in Basel, Switzerland and Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States (global research).name="novartis.com">https://www.novartis.com/research-development/research-locations It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis manufactures the drugs clozapine (Clozaril), diclofenac (Voltaren; sold to GlaxoSmithKline in 2015 deal), carbamazepine (Tegretol), valsartan (Diovan), imatinib mesylate (Gleevec/Glivec), cyclosporine (Neoral/Sandimmune), letrozole (Femara), methylphenidate (Ritalin; production ceased 2020), terbinafine (Lamisil), deferasirox (Exjade), and others. In March 1996, the companies Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz merged to form Novartis; the pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of both companies formed Novartis as an independent entity. Other Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz businesses were sold, or, like Ciba Specialty Chemicals, spun off as independent companies. The Sandoz brand ...
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Sumitomo Chemical
is a major Japanese chemical company. The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the on the Nikkei 225 stock index. It's a member of the Sumitomo group and was founded in 1913 as a fertilizer manufacturing plant. Company milestones *1913: The House of Sumitomo establishes a fertilizer plant in Ehime to produce fertilizers from sulfur dioxide recovered from copper smelting emissions. *1915: Operations commence at the plant. *1925: Sumitomo Fertilizer Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is incorporated with operations at what is now the Ehime Works. *1934: Sumitomo Fertilizer Manufacturing changes its name to Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. *1944: Sumitomo Chemical acquires Japan Dyestuff Manufacturing Company, starting a fine chemical business at the Osaka Works and the Oita Works. *1949: Sumitomo Chemical takes over the aluminum business of Sumitomo Aluminium Smelting Co., starting the integrated production of aluminum from alumina. *1958: S ...
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Farbwerke Hoechst
Hoechst AG () was a German chemicals then life-sciences company that became Aventis Deutschland after its merger with France's Rhône-Poulenc S.A. in 1999. With the new company's 2004 merger with Sanofi-Synthélabo, it became a subsidiary of the resulting Sanofi-Aventis pharmaceuticals group. History The company was founded in 1863 as "Teerfarbenfabrik Meister, Lucius & Co." in Höchst, near Frankfurt and changed its name some years later to "Teerfarbenfabrik Meister Lucius & Brüning". In 1880 it became a stock company "Farbwerke vorm. Meister Lucius & Brüning AG". For the international market the name was simplified to "Farbwerke Hoechst AG". Until 1925 the Hoechst AG was independent. In 1916, the Hoechst AG was one of the co-founders of IG Farben, an advocacy group of Germany's chemicals industry to gain industrial power during and after World War I. In 1925, IG Farben turned from an advocacy group into the well-known conglomerate. World War II Various Hoechst fac ...
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