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Vijayaraga
Vijayaraga (''fl. c.'' 849—895 AD) was the Chera Perumal ruler of Kerala from ''c.'' 883/84—''c.'' 895 AD. The reign of Vijayaraga probably witnessed the expansion of Chera Perumal influence into the neighboring Ay and Mushika countries (southern and northern Kerala). Vijayaraga appears as the royal prince as early as the fifth regnal year of Chera Perumal king Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara (''c.'' 849 AD). He also married the daughter of Kulasekhara (the Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neel). A record of the princess can be found in the southern Ay country. It is possible that he was also the nephew (son of sister) of Kulasekhara. Two of his daughters were married to the Chola king Parantaka I. Vijayaraga was formerly identified with king Goda Ravi (''r.'' 905/06—c. 943/44) of the Chera Perumal dynasty. Sources Inscriptions * Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD) — mentioned as the royal prince under king Sthanu Ravi (''r.'' 844/45—''c.'' 870/71 AD). * Thirunandikkara inscriptio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sthanu Ravi
Sthanu Ravi Varma ( early Malayalam and Tamil: Ko Tanu Iravi), known as the Kulasekhara, was the Chera Perumal ruler of Kerala in southern India from 844/45 to 870/71 AD.Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), Irreverent History:- Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan'' Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014. 74-75. He is the earliest Chera Perumal ruler known to scholars. The Chera Perumal relations with the Chola dynasty were inaugurated during the reign of Sthanu Ravi.Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-66 and 78-79. The famous Quilon Syrian Christian copper plates are dated in the fifth regnal year of king Sthanu Ravi. Two more inscriptions dated in the regnal years of Sthanu Ravi can be found at Irinjalakuda Kudalmanikyam Temple, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rama Rajasekhara
Rama Rajasekhara (''fl.'' 870/71 – c. 883/84 AD) was a Chera Perumal ruler of medieval Kerala, south India. Rajasekhara is usually identified by historians with Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, the venerated Shaiva ( Nayanar) poet-musician of the Bhakti tradition. Rajasekhara presumably succeeded Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara around 870 AD. "Tripuradahana" and "Saurikathodaya", Yamaka poems by Vasubhatta, were composed under the patronage of Rajasekhara. Two temple records, from Kurumattur, Areacode and Thiruvatruvay, Vazhappally, mention king Rajasekhara. The former contain the only available "prasasti" of a Chera Perumal ruler of Kerala. Rama Rajasehara probably abdicated the throne toward the end of his reign and became a Shaiva nayanar known as Cheraman Perumal Nayanar. He was succeeded by Vijayaraga (''fl.'' c. 883/84-c.895 AD). Sources *''Shankaravijaya'' of Vidyaranya mentions one Kerala king "Rajasekhara" (who was a contemporary of Hindu philosopher Shankara). *''Shivanan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ko Kizhan Adikal
Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli was the traditional title of the queens/princesses of the Chera Perumal kingdom in medieval south India. It was initially assumed that Kizhan Adikal was a proper given name (and not a royal title). The title was used by Kerala princesses (in the Tamil country) even after their marriages to Chola princes. Records The title appears in the following inscriptions discovered from Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Records associated with the Cholas # "Ko Kizhan Adikal", mother of Chola prince Rajaditya, in a Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur inscription (c. 935 AD, 28th regnal year) of Chola king Parantaka I (907 — 955 AD) (EI VII, 19a). #Lalgudi record of Cankaran Kunrappozhan, from Nandikkarai Puttur in Malainatu (Kerala), mentioning "Cheramanar makalar" "Ko Kizhan Adikal" (queen of Parantaka). # "Ravi Neeli" or "Kizhan Adikal ", daughter of "Cheramanar" or "Keralaraja" Vijayaraga, in a Tiruvotriyur inscription (936 AD, 29th regnal year) of king Parantaka I (Index 17 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chera/Perumals Of Makotai
Chera Perumals of Makotai, also known as the Perumal dynasty of KeralaThapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 331-32., or Cheraman Perumal dynasty of MahodayapuramNoburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44., (''fl.'' ''c.'' 9th–12th century CE) were a ruling dynasty in present-day Kerala, south India.Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27. Makotai, or Mahodayapuram, the seat of the Cheraman Perumals, is identified with present-day Karur in central Tamil Nadu.Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in ''South-Indian Horizons'', eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. Éco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chera Perumal
Chera Perumals of Makotai, also known as the Perumal dynasty of KeralaThapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 331-32., or Cheraman Perumal dynasty of MahodayapuramNoburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44., (''fl.'' ''c.'' 9th–12th century CE) were a ruling dynasty in present-day Kerala, south India.Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27. Makotai, or Mahodayapuram, the seat of the Cheraman Perumals, is identified with present-day Karur in central Tamil Nadu.Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in ''South-Indian Horizons'', eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. Éco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ay Dynasty
Ay (short from of Konar_(caste), Ayar) was one of the Tamil dynasties which controlled the south-western tip of the peninsula, from the early historic period up to the medieval period.The clan traditionally held sway over the harbour of Vizhinjam, the fertile region of Nanjinad, and southern parts of the spice-producing Western Ghats, Western Ghat mountains. The dynasty was also known as Kupaka in medieval period. The Ay formed one of the major chieftains of early historic (pre-Pallava dynasty, Pallava) Kerala, along with the Chera dynasty, Cheras of central Kerala and the Mushika dynasty, Musakas of Elimalai in the north.Gurukkal, Rajan. “DID STATE EXIST IN THE PRE-PALLAVAN TAMIL REGION.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 63, 2002, pp. 138–150.Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191 - 193, 435 - 437/ref> List of Graeco-Roman geographers, Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) described the "Ai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goda Ravi
Goda Ravi (''fl.'' 905/06–c. 943/44 AD) was a Chera Perumal king of medieval Kerala, south India. The Chola relations with the Chera Perumals were consolidated during the rule of Goda Ravi. Records mention a number of Kerala military personnel serving with Chola prince Rajaditya in the Tamil country. An inscription mentioning Goda Ravi from Nedumpuram Thali, Wadakkanchery is one of rare Chera Perumal inscriptions which give both the regnal year and another era ( Kali Year) at the same time. Temple inscriptions dated in the regnal years (13th to 30th) of Goda Ravi were discovered from Iranikulam, Chokkur (Puthur village, near Koduvally), Nedumpuram Thali (Wadakkanchery), Avittathur, Triprangode, Porangattiri, Indianur (Kottakkal) and Thrippunithura. The records mention, among other things, Koyil and Ala-Koyil, Chera queens (Ravi Piratti and Cheraman Maha Devi), "senapathi" (chief of the royal militia), the so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam, and the chieftains of Vembanadu (A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quilon Syrian Copper Plates
Kollam/Quilon Syrian copper plates, also known as Kollam Tarisappalli copper plates, or Kottayam inscription of Sthanu Ravi, or Tabula Quilonensis record a royal grant issued by the chieftain of Kollam (Ayyan Adikal) to a Syrian Christian merchant magnate ( Mar Sapir Iso) in Kerala. The royal charter is engraved in old Malayalam in Vattezhuthu (with some Grantha characters) on six copper plates. The document is the oldest available Chera Perumal inscription. The charter is dated to the 5th regnal year of the Chera Perumal ruler Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara (849/50 AD). The sixth plate contains a number of signatures of the witnesses to the grant in Arabic (Kufic script), Middle Persian (cursive Pahlavi script) and Judeo-Persian (standard square Hebrew script). Until recently (2013) it was believed that the six plates formed two separate grants (dated separately) issued by Kerala rulers to the Syrian Christian merchants. One part (four plates) of the copper plates is kept at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushika-vamsha
''Mushika-vamsha'' ( IAST: Mūṣika-vaṃśa mahā-kāvyam) is a Sanskrit dynastic chronicle composed in 11th century by poet Atula.Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 394-95.Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 178-179. It narrates the legendary history of the Mushika dynasty, which ruled the northern part of the present-day Kerala state of India. The chronicle moves from mythological beginnings of the founding ancestors to more authentic genealogical history in later ''sargas.'' Several kings mentioned in the kavya, such as Validhara Vikrama Rama (c. 929 AD),Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 180-181. JayamaniNarayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 480-81. and Kantan Karivarman (Srikantha Kartha) (both c. 1020 AD)Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus. The word ''Hindu'' is an exonym, and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, many practitioners refer to their religion as '' Sanātana Dharma'' ( sa, सनातन धर्म, lit='the Eternal Dharma'), a modern usage, which refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history, as revealed in the Hindu texts. Another endonym is ''Vaidika dharma'', the dharma related to the Vedas. Hinduism is a diverse system of thought marked by a range of philosophies and shared concepts, rituals, cosmological systems, pilgrimage sites, and shared textual sources that discuss theology, metaphysics, mythology, Vedic yajna, yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kerala
Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Canara, and Thiruvithamkoor. Spread over , Kerala is the 21st largest Indian state by area. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33 million inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the 13th-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The Chera dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala. The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era (CE). The region had been a prominent spic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushika Dynasty
Mushika dynasty, also spelled Mushaka, was a minor dynastic power that held sway over the region in and around Mount Ezhi (Ezhimala) in present-day North Malabar, Kerala, India. The country of the Mushikas, ruled by an ancient lineage of the Hehaya clan of the same name, appears in early historic (pre-Pallava) south India.Gurukkal, Rajan. “DID STATE EXIST IN THE PRE-PALLAVAN TAMIL REGION.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 63, 2002, pp. 138–150. Early Tamil poems contain several references to the exploits of Nannan of Ezhimalai. Nannan was known as a great enemy of the pre-Pallava Chera chieftains.Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 195. The clan also had matrimonial alliances with the Chera, Pandya and Chola chieftains. The Kolathunadu (Kannur) Kingdom, which was the descendant of Mushika dynasty, at the peak of its power, reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north to Korapuzha (Kozh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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