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Vietnamese Văn (currency Unit)
The Vietnamese văn ( Hán tự: 文; French: ''Sapèque'') as a denomination for Vietnamese cash coins was used from 1868 until 1945 during the reign of the Nguyễn dynasty. The inspiration to introduce the ''văn'' may have been to emulate the Chinese ''wén'' used on contemporary Qing dynasty cash coins which had just become a fiat currency, however unlike the Chinese system where all Chinese cash coins were cast from the same metals and the ''wén'' was the primary unit of account for coins made of the same metals, the Vietnamese system used the ''văn'' as a basic number currency symbol indicating how much zinc cash coins (銅鐱, ''đồng kẽm'') a brass or bronze cash coin (''đồng điếu'') was worth, the Vietnamese cash coins-based currency system used the '' mạch'' (陌) and '' quán'' (貫) as units of account that could be based on either zinc cash coins or copper-alloy cash coins depending on the region or context. It was continued to be used as a measur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔) & Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寶) - Scan 01
The Tự Đức Bảo Sao (chữ Hán: 嗣德寶鈔) was a series of large denomination Vietnamese cash coins produced under the reign of Emperor Tự Đức from 1861 to complement the contemporary Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寶) copper and zinc cash coins with larger nominal values. These coins were very badly received by the general population as their intrinsic value was relatively low compared to their nominal value and for this reason the Vietnamese government reduced the value of a single Tiền to 50 văn and allowed these coins to be used for the payment of taxes. The Tự Đức Bảo Sao is the first Vietnamese cash coin series that uses the denomination '' văn'' (文) replacing the earlier weight based denomination of '' phân'' (分). History The Tự Đức Bảo Sao or ''Đồng Sao'' (銅鈔, billets of copper) were introduced by the Ministry of Revenue (戸部, ''Hộ Bộ'') in the year Tự Đức 14 (1961) for large transactions and taxes on be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of France
The Government of France ( French: ''Gouvernement français''), officially the Government of the French Republic (''Gouvernement de la République française'' ), exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, as well as both senior and junior ministers. The Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the Government, was established in the Constitution in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the Élysée Palace in Paris. The meetings are presided over by the President of France, the head of state, although the officeholder is not a member of the Government. The Government's most senior ministers are titled as ministers of state (''ministres d'État''), followed in protocol order by ministers (''ministres''), ministers delegate (''ministres délégués''), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state (''secrétaires d'État''). All members of the Government, who are appointed by the President following ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tự Đức Thông Bảo
Tự Đức Thông Bảo ( Hán tự: 嗣德通寶) was an inscription used on different coins made from various metals and alloys during the reign of Emperor Tự Đức. The coinage of Tự Đức saw the introduction of the term '' văn'' (文) which was an accounting unit used for copper-alloy cash coins denominating their worth in number of zinc cash coins with a weight of 6 phần. These coins circulated alongside another series of issued under Emperor Tự Đức, the Tự Đức Bảo Sao. History The sapèqueries of Đại Nam under Emperor Tự Đức were operated by the ''Hanoi Office of Current Money'' (河內通寶局, "Hà-Nội Thông Bảo Cục") which replaced the former ''Office of Currency'' (Bảo Tuyền Cục) and the ''Capital Office of Currency'' (Bảo Hoá Kinh Cục), and the main sapèqueries were located in Huế while mints were also in operation in Hanoi, Sơn Tây, and Bắc Ninh. The Tổng Đốc had the authority to give permits to Chinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement. Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form ( native metals). This led to very early human use in several regions, from circa 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, circa 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, tin, to create ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tự Đức
Tự Đức (, vi-hantu, 嗣 德, lit. "inheritance of virtues", 22 September 1829 – 19 July 1883) (personal name: Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm , also Nguyễn Phúc Thì) was the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam; he ruled from 1847 to 1883. Biography The son of Emperor Thiệu Trị, Prince Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm was born on 22 September 1829, and succeeded his father on the throne, with the reigning title of Tự Đức, but family troubles caused his era to have a violent start. Thiệu Trị had passed over his more moderate eldest son, Hồng Bảo, to give the throne to Tự Đức, known for his staunch Confucianism and opposition to foreigners and innovation. As a result, and due to the repressive policies of the previous Nguyễn dynasty emperor, there was now a great deal of dissatisfaction with Nguyễn rule and a legitimate royal figure to rally this opposition. Rule Cholera and dwindling In summer 1849, one year after Tu Duc's inaugurat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寶) - Art-Hanoi 06
Tự Đức Thông Bảo (chữ Hán: 嗣德通寶) was an inscription used on different coins made from various metals and alloys during the reign of Emperor Tự Đức. The coinage of Tự Đức saw the introduction of the term ''Vietnamese văn (currency unit), văn'' (文) which was an accounting unit used for copper-alloy Vietnamese cash, cash coins denominating their worth in number of zinc cash coins with a weight of 6 phần. These coins circulated alongside another series of issued under Emperor Tự Đức, the Tự Đức Bảo Sao. History The sapèqueries of Đại Nam under Emperor Tự Đức were operated by the ''Hanoi Office of Current Money'' (河內通寶局, "Hà-Nội Thông Bảo Cục") which replaced the former ''Office of Currency'' (Bảo Tuyền Cục) and the ''Capital Office of Currency'' (Bảo Hoá Kinh Cục), and the main sapèqueries were located in Huế while mints were also in operation in Hanoi, Sơn Tây, and Bắc Ninh. The Tổng Đ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, officially known as the Indochinese Union; vi, Liên bang Đông Dương, , lit. 'East Ocean Federation'; km, សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន; lo, ສະຫະພາບອິນໂດຈີນ and after 1947 as the Indochinese Federation,; vi, Liên đoàn Đông Dương; km, សហព័ន្ធឥណ្ឌូចិន; lo, ສະຫະພັນອິນດູຈີນ was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia until its demise in 1954. It comprised Cambodia, Laos (from 1899), the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan (from 1898 until 1945), and the Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (French protectorate), Tonkin in the north, Annam (French protectorate), Annam in the centre, and French Cochinchina, Cochinchin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
The Bảo Đại Thông Bảo ( Hán tự: 保大通寶) was a round Copper-alloy coin with a square hole produced by the Nguyễn dynasty under French protection and was the last cash coin produced both in Vietnam and the world, this ended a long series of cast Vietnamese coinage that started with the Thái Bình Hưng Bảo in 970. The cast Bảo Đại Thông Bảo were produced at the Thanh Hóa Mint, while the machine-struck variants were produced in Hanoi by the colonial French government. These coins bear the name of Emperor Bảo Đại who ascended the throne in 1926 but continued the production of the earlier Khải Định Thông Bảo (啓定通寶) that bore his father's name until 1933 when he ordered the production of new coins with his reign name, which was normal as previous Vietnamese emperors also kept producing cash coins with the inscription of their predecessors for a period of time. The cast smaller Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coins with blank rever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duy Tân Thông Bảo
Duy () is a Vietnamese given name. Notable people with the name include: * Đái Duy Ban (born 1937), Vietnamese scientist * Đào Duy Từ (1572–1634), Vietnamese poet * Duy Tân (1899–1945), Emperor of Vietnam * Phạm Duy (1921–2013), Vietnamese songwriter * Tống Duy Tân (died 1892), Vietnamese revolutionary * Nguyễn Phong Hồng Duy (born 1996), Vietnamese footballer See also * Lê Duy Loan * Pipo Nguyen-duy Pipo Hieu Nguyen-duy (born 1962) is a fine art photographer, and a professor of Photography at Oberlin College. Early life Pipo was born in Hue, Vietnam in 1962. As a teenager, he competed on the Vietnamese national table tennis team. In 1975 a ... {{given name Masculine given names Vietnamese names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vietnamese Language
Vietnamese ( vi, tiếng Việt, links=no) is an Austroasiatic languages, Austroasiatic language originating from Vietnam where it is the national language, national and official language. Vietnamese is spoken natively by over 70 million people, several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. It is the native language of the Vietnamese people, Vietnamese (Kinh) people, as well as a second language, second language or First language, first language for List of ethnic groups in Vietnam, other ethnic groups in Vietnam. As a result of overseas Vietnamese, emigration, Vietnamese speakers are also found in other parts of Southeast Asia, East Asia, North America, Europe, and Australia (continent), Australia. Vietnamese has also been officially recognized as a minority language in the Czech Republic. Like many other languages in Southeast Asia and East Asia, Vietnamese is an analytic language with phonemic tone (linguistics), tone. It has head-initial directionali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annam (French Protectorate)
) , image_flag = Flag of Colonial Annam.svg , image_flag2 = Long tinh flag.svg , flag_type = Top: Protectorate flag Bottom: Civil flag , image_coat = Coat of arms of Annam - S.M. Bao Daï, Le Dragon d'Annam (1980) colour scheme - Đại Nam (大南).svg , symbol_type = Coat of arms , other_symbol = Imperial seal皇帝之寶(Hoàng Đế chi bảo)( Until 1945) , image_map = Atlas de l'Indochine dressé (...)Indochine française bpt6k11001779 70.jpg , image_map_caption = Administrative divisions of the French Protectorate of Annam in 1920. , capital = Huế , common_languages = Cham, Bahnar, Rade, Jarai, Stieng, Mnong, Koho, Chinese, French, Vietnamese , religion = Mahayana BuddhismConfucianismTaoismCatholicismFolk religionHinduismIslam , currency = Vietnamese cash,French Indochinese piastre , today = Vietnam , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_-_Art-Hanoi_06.jpg "Click for more on -> Vietnamese Văn (currency Unit)")
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