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Verifiable Random Function
Verification or verify may refer to: General * Verification and validation, in engineering or quality management systems, is the act of reviewing, inspecting or testing, in order to establish and document that a product, service or system meets regulatory or technical standards ** Verification (spaceflight), in the space systems engineering area, covers the processes of qualification and acceptance * Verification theory, philosophical theory relating the meaning of a statement to how it is verified * Third-party verification, use of an independent organization to verify the identity of a customer * Authentication, confirming the truth of an attribute claimed by an entity, such as an identity * Forecast verification, verifying prognostic output from a numerical model * Verifiability (science), a scientific principle * Verification (audit), an auditing process Computing * Punched card verification, a data entry step performed after keypunching on a separate, keyboard-equipped ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Verification And Validation
Verification and validation (also abbreviated as V&V) are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specification (technical standard), specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose. These are critical components of a quality management system such as ISO 9000. The words "verification" and "validation" are sometimes preceded with "independent", indicating that the verification and validation is to be performed by a disinterested third party. "Independent verification and validation" can be abbreviated as "IV&V". In reality, as quality management terms, the definitions of verification and validation can be inconsistent. Sometimes they are even used interchangeably. However, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, the PMBOK guide, a standard adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), defines them as follows in its 4th edition: * "Validation. The assu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Formal Verification
In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification is a key incentive for formal specification of systems, and is at the core of formal methods. It represents an important dimension of analysis and verification in electronic design automation and is one approach to software verification. The use of formal verification enables the highest Evaluation Assurance Level ( EAL7) in the framework of common criteria for computer security certification. Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as: cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code in a programming language. Prominent examples of verified software systems include the CompCert verified C compiler and the seL ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Verified
Verified is a United Nations project to improve access to accurate information. In the project the United Nations seeks to organize a network of millions of online volunteers to curate and fact check information online. Verified has held a social media campaigns using hashtags to raise awareness about misinformation, such as ''#PledgetoPause'', ''#ItsPossible'' and ''#OnlyTogether''. The project is a response to misinformation online related to COVID-19. The project is especially concerned with online distribution of information. India has expressed special interest in the project and is an organizer of it along with 12 other countries. wikiHow wikiHow is an online wiki-style publication featuring informational articles and quizzes on a variety of topics. Founded in 2005 by Internet entrepreneur Jack Herrick, its aim is to create an extensive database of instructional content, using ... has also partnered with Verified. References Further reading * External links * { ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Verification Bias
In statistics, verification bias is a type of measurement bias in which the results of a diagnostic test affect whether the gold standard procedure is used to verify the test result. This type of bias is also known as "work-up bias" or "referral bias". In clinical practice, verification bias is more likely to occur when a preliminary diagnostic test is negative. Because many gold standard tests can be invasive, expensive, and carry a higher risk (e.g. angiography, biopsy, surgery), patients and physicians may be more reluctant to undergo further work-up if a preliminary test is negative. In cohort studies A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing ..., obtaining a gold standard test on every patient may not always be ethical, practical, or cost effective. These studies can thus b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Verifiable Computing
Verifiable computing (or verified computation or verified computing) enables a computer to offload the computation of some function, to other perhaps untrusted clients, while maintaining verifiable results. The other clients evaluate the function and return the result with a proof that the computation of the function was carried out correctly. The introduction of this notion came as a result of the increasingly common phenomenon of "outsourcing" computation to untrusted users in projects such as SETI@home and also to the growing desire to enable computationally-weak devices to outsource computational tasks to a more powerful computation service, as in cloud computing. The concept dates back to work by Babai et al., and has been studied under various terms, including "checking computations" (Babai et al.), "delegating computations", "certified computation", and verifiable computing. The term ''verifiable computing'' itself was formalized by Rosario Gennaro, Craig Gentry, and Bryan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Validation (other)
Validation may refer to: * Data validation, in computer science, ensuring that data inserted into an application satisfies defined formats and other input criteria * Emotional validation, in interpersonal communication is the recognition, the affirmation, the acceptance of the existence of expressed emotions, and the communication, the acknowledgement, of this recognition with the emoter(s) (the one(s) who express the emotions). * Forecast verification, validating and verifying prognostic output from a numerical model * Regression validation, in statistics, determining whether the outputs of a regression model are adequate * Social validation, compliance in a social activity to fit in and be part of the majority * Statistical model validation, determining whether the outputs of a statistical model are acceptable * Validation (drug manufacture), documenting that a process or system meets its predetermined specifications and quality attributes * Validation (gang membership), a form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Physical Verification
Physical verification is a process whereby an integrated circuit layout (IC layout) design is verified via EDA software tools to ensure correct electrical and logical functionality and manufacturability. Verification involves design rule check (DRC), layout versus schematic (LVS), XOR (exclusive OR), antenna checks and electrical rule check (ERC).A. Kahng, et al.: ''VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure'', , , p. 9. Design Rule Check (DRC) DRC verifies that the layout meets all technology-imposed constraints. DRC also verifies layer density for chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) LVS verifies the functionality of the design. From the layout, a netlist is derived and compared with the original netlist produced from logic synthesis or circuit design. XOR check This check is typically run after a metal spin, where the original and modified database are compared. This is done to confirm that the desired modifications hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Analog Verification
Analog verification is a methodology for performing functional verification on analog, mixed-signal and RF integrated circuits and systems on chip.Henry Chang and Ken KundertVerification of Complex Analog and RF IC Designs. ''Proceedings of the IEEE'', February 2007. Discussion of analog verification began in 2005 when it started to become recognized that the analog portion of large mixed-signal chips had become so complex that a significant and ever-increasing number of these chips were being designed with functional errors in the analog portion that prevented them from operating correctly. Technical details Analog verification is built on the idea that transistor-level simulation will always be too slow to provide adequate functional verification. Instead, it is necessary to build simple and efficient models of the blocks that make up the analog portion of the design and use those to verify the design. Those models are typically written in Verilog or Verilog-AMS, but could also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Functional Verification
Functional verification is the task of verifying that the digital circuit, logic design conforms to specification. Functional verification attempts to answer the question "Does this proposed design do what is intended?" This is complex and takes the majority of time and effort (up to 70% of design and development time) in most large electronic system design projects. Functional verification is a part of more encompassing ''design verification'', which, besides functional verification, considers non-functional aspects like timing, layout and power. Background Although the number of transistors increased exponential growth, exponentially according to Moore's law, increasing the number of engineers and time taken to produce the designs only increase linearly. As the transistors' complexity increases, the number of coding errors also increases. Most of the errors in logic coding come from careless coding (12.7%), miscommunication (11.4%), and microarchitecture challenges (9.3%). Thus, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Hardware Verification
Electronic design automation (EDA), also referred to as electronic computer-aided design (ECAD), is a category of software tools for designing Electronics, electronic systems such as integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. The tools work together in a Design flow (EDA), design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Since a modern semiconductor chip can have billions of components, EDA tools are essential for their design; this article in particular describes EDA specifically with respect to integrated circuits (ICs). History Early days The earliest electronic design automation is attributed to IBM with the documentation of its IBM 700/7000 series, 700 series computers in the 1950s. Prior to the development of EDA, integrated circuits were designed by hand and manually laid out. Some advanced shops used geometric software to generate tapes for a Gerber format, Gerber photoplotter, responsible for generating a monochromatic ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Software Verification
Software verification is a discipline of software engineering, programming languages, and theory of computation whose goal is to assure that software satisfies the expected requirements. Broad scope and classification A broad definition of verification makes it related to software testing. In that case, there are two fundamental approaches to verification: * ''Dynamic verification'', also known as experimentation, dynamic testing or, simply testing. - This is good for finding faults (software bugs). * ''Static verification'', also known as static code analysis, analysis or, static code analysis, static testing - This is useful for proving the Correctness (computer science), correctness of a program. Although it may result in false positives when there are one or more conflicts between the process a software really does and what the static verification assumes it does. Under the ACM Computing Classification System, software verification topics appear under "Software and its engin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Runtime Verification
Runtime verification is a computing system analysis and execution approach based on extracting information from a running system and using it to detect and possibly react to observed behaviors satisfying or violating certain properties. Some very particular properties, such as Race condition, datarace and Deadlock (computer science), deadlock freedom, are typically desired to be satisfied by all systems and may be best implemented algorithmically. Other properties can be more conveniently captured as formal specifications. Runtime verification specifications are typically expressed in trace predicate formalisms, such as finite-state machines, regular expressions, context-free language, context-free patterns, linear temporal logics, etc., or extensions of these. This allows for a less ad-hoc approach than software testing, normal testing. However, any mechanism for monitoring an executing system is considered runtime verification, including verifying against test oracles and refer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
