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Veillonella
''Veillonella'' are Gram-negative bacteria (Gram stain pink) anaerobic cocci, unlike most Bacillota, which are Gram-positive bacteria. This bacterium is well known for its lactate fermenting abilities. It is a normal bacterium in the intestines and oral mucosa of mammals. In humans they have been implicated in cases of osteomyelitis and endocarditis, for example with the species ''Veillonella parvula''. ''Veillonella dispar'' is the most nitrate-reducing bacterium in the oral cavity, which is beneficially anti-bacterial. When ''Veillonella'' is responsible for clinical infections in humans, it should be kept in mind that more than 70% of the strains are resistant to penicillin. Fermentation Lactate is fermented to propionate and acetate by the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway. Little ATP is produced in this fermentation. High substrate affinity is suggested to be the reason. 3 Lactate → acetate + 2 propionate + + A study of Veillonella in endurance athletes found that a rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veillonella Criceti
''Veillonella'' are Gram-negative bacteria (Gram stain pink) anaerobic cocci, unlike most Bacillota, which are Gram-positive bacteria. This bacterium is well known for its lactate fermenting abilities. It is a normal bacterium in the intestines and oral mucosa of mammals. In humans they have been implicated in cases of osteomyelitis and endocarditis, for example with the species ''Veillonella parvula''. ''Veillonella dispar'' is the most nitrate-reducing bacterium in the oral cavity, which is beneficially anti-bacterial. When ''Veillonella'' is responsible for clinical infections in humans, it should be kept in mind that more than 70% of the strains are resistant to penicillin. Fermentation Lactate is fermented to propionate and acetate by the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway. Little ATP is produced in this fermentation. High substrate affinity is suggested to be the reason. 3 Lactate → acetate + 2 propionate + + A study of Veillonella in endurance athletes found that a relativ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veillonella Montpellierensis
''Veillonella'' are Gram-negative bacteria (Gram stain pink) anaerobic cocci, unlike most Bacillota, which are Gram-positive bacteria. This bacterium is well known for its lactate fermenting abilities. It is a normal bacterium in the intestines and oral mucosa of mammals. In humans they have been implicated in cases of osteomyelitis and endocarditis, for example with the species ''Veillonella parvula''. ''Veillonella dispar'' is the most nitrate-reducing bacterium in the oral cavity, which is beneficially anti-bacterial. When ''Veillonella'' is responsible for clinical infections in humans, it should be kept in mind that more than 70% of the strains are resistant to penicillin. Fermentation Lactate is fermented to propionate and acetate by the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway. Little ATP is produced in this fermentation. High substrate affinity is suggested to be the reason. 3 Lactate → acetate + 2 propionate + + A study of Veillonella in endurance athletes found that a relativ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veillonella Magna
''Veillonella'' are Gram-negative bacteria (Gram stain pink) anaerobic cocci, unlike most Bacillota, which are Gram-positive bacteria. This bacterium is well known for its lactate fermenting abilities. It is a normal bacterium in the intestines and oral mucosa of mammals. In humans they have been implicated in cases of osteomyelitis and endocarditis, for example with the species ''Veillonella parvula''. ''Veillonella dispar'' is the most nitrate-reducing bacterium in the oral cavity, which is beneficially anti-bacterial. When ''Veillonella'' is responsible for clinical infections in humans, it should be kept in mind that more than 70% of the strains are resistant to penicillin. Fermentation Lactate is fermented to propionate and acetate by the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway. Little ATP is produced in this fermentation. High substrate affinity is suggested to be the reason. 3 Lactate → acetate + 2 propionate + + A study of Veillonella in endurance athletes found that a relativ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veillonella Parvula
''Veillonella parvula'' is a strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, coccus-shaped bacterium in the genus ''Veillonella''. It is a normal part of the oral flora but can be associated with diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries as well as various systemic infections, including meningitis and osteomyelitis. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis and has been associated with hypertension together with ''Campylobacter rectus'' and ''Prevotella melaninogenica''. ''V. parvula'' is unable to feed on carbohydrates, but can feed on lactate provided by ''Streptococcus'' species also found in the oral cavity. Specifically, ''Streptococcus mutans'' and ''V. parvula'' can form multispecies biofilms that lead to a lower susceptibility to antimicrobial treatments, resulting in periodontitis and dental carries. Antimicrobial susceptibility ''V. parvula'' bacteria are susceptible to and typically treated with metronidazole and penicillin in clinical reports. Other an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veillonellaceae
The Veillonellaceae are a family of the Clostridia, formerly known as Acidaminococcaceae. Bacteria in this family are grouped together mainly based on genetic studies, which place them among the Bacillota. Supporting this placement, several species are capable of forming endospores. However, they differ from most other Bacillota in having Gram-negative stains. The cell wall composition is peculiar. Members of this family are all obligate anaerobes, and occur in habitats such as rivers, lakes, and the intestines of vertebrates. They range from spherical forms, such as ''Megasphaera'' and ''Veillonella'', to curved rods, as typified by the Selenomonads. ''Selenomonas'' has a characteristic crescent-shape, with flagella inserted on the concave side, while ''Sporomusa'' is similar but non-motile. Their names refer to this distinctive morphology: ''selene'' means moon, and ''musa'' means banana. The name Selenobacteria also refers to some this group. The description of this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Negativicutes
The Negativicutes are a class of bacteria in the phylum Bacillota, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Bacillota. Although several neighbouring ''Clostridia'' species (firmicute bacteria) also stain gram-negative, the proteins responsible for the unusual diderm structure of the ''Negativicutes'' may have actually been laterally acquired from Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). Additional research is required to confirm the origin of the diderm cell envelope in the Negativicutes. Most members of this class are obligate anaerobes, and occur in habitats such as rivers, lakes, and the intestines of vertebrates. They range from spherical forms, such as ''Megasphaera'' and ''Veillonella'', to curved rods, as typified by the selenomonads. ''Selenomonas'' has a characteristic crescent shape, with flagella inserted on the concave side, while ''Sporomusa'' is similar, but nonmo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-positive Bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain (sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-negative Bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are found in virtually all environments on Earth that support life. The gram-negative bacteria include the model organism ''Escherichia coli'', as well as many pathogenic bacteria, such as ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', '' Chlamydia trachomatis'', and ''Yersinia pestis''. They are a significant medical challenge as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics (including penicillin), detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genome Taxonomy Database
The Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) is an online database that maintains information on a proposed nomenclature of prokaryotes, following a phylogenomic approach based on a set of conserved single-copy proteins. In addition to breaking up paraphyletic groups, this method also reassigns taxonomic ranks algorithmically, creating new names in both cases. Information for archaea was added in 2020, along with a species classification based on average nucleotide identity. Each update incorporates new genomes as well as human adjustments to the taxonomy. An open-source tool called GTDB-Tk is available to classify draft genomes into the GTDB hierarchy. The GTDB system, via GTDB-Tk, has been used to catalogue not-yet-named bacteria in the human gut microbiome and other metagenomic sources. The GTDB is incorporated into the ''Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria'' in 2019 as its phylogenomic resource. See also * PhyloCode * National Center for Biotechnology Informa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Dental Journals
{{Short description, none This is a list of medical journals in dentistry by specialty. Periodontics *''Journal of Clinical Periodontology'' *''Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology'' *''Journal of Periodontology'' Orthodontics *''American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics'' *''The Angle Orthodontist'' *''Journal of Clinical Orthodontics'' *''Journal of Orthodontics'' *''Seminars in Orthodontics'' Prosthodontics *''European Journal of Prosthodontics'' *''European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry'' *''Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society'' *''Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry'' *''Journal of Prosthodontics'' Pediatrics *''International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry'' *''Journal of Pediatric Dentistry'' Oral surgery *''Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal'' *''Dental Traumatology'' *''International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery'' *''Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery'' *''Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The All-Species Living Tree Project
The All-Species Living Tree' Project is a collaboration between various academic groups/institutes, such as ARB Project, ARB, SILVA rRNA database project, and List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, LPSN, with the aim of assembling a database of 16S ribosomal RNA, 16S rRNA sequences of all validly published species of ''Bacteria'' and ''Archaea''. At one stage, 23S ribosomal RNA, 23S sequences were also collected, but this has since stopped. Currently there are over 10,950 species in the aligned dataset and several more are being added either as new species are discovered or species that are not represented in the database are sequenced. Initially the latter group consisted of 7% of species. Similar (and more recent) projects include the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea (GEBA), which focused on whole genome sequencing of bacteria and archaea. Tree The tree was created by maximum likelihood analysis without bootstrap: consequently accuracy is traded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Center For Biotechnology Information
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland, and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by US Congressman Claude Pepper. The NCBI houses a series of databases relevant to biotechnology and biomedicine and is an important resource for bioinformatics tools and services. Major databases include GenBank for DNA sequences and PubMed, a bibliographic database for biomedical literature. Other databases include the NCBI Epigenomics database. All these databases are available online through the Entrez search engine. NCBI was directed by David Lipman, one of the original authors of the BLAST sequence alignment program and a widely respected figure in bioinformatics. GenBank NCBI had responsibility for making available the GenBank DNA seque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
