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Vaishnava Padavali
The Vaishnava Padavi ( bn, বৈষ্ণব পদাবলী) movement refers to a period in medieval Bengali literature from the 15th to 17th centuries, marked by an efflorescence of Vaishnava poetry often focusing on the Radha-Krishna legend. The term ''padavali'' (also written padaabali) has the literal meaning "gathering of songs" ('' pada''=short verse, lyric; ''+vali'' = plural; collection). The padavali poetry reflects an earthy view of divine love which had its roots in the ''Agam'' poetry of Tamil Sangam literature (600 BC–300 AD) and spread into early medieval Telugu (Nannaya, Annamayya) and Kannada literatures ( Dasa sahitya). The poetic themes spread rapidly as part of the religious Bhakti movement that proposed an intensely personal form of devotion, following the philosophy of Ramanuja and opposing caste distinctions and other brahministic measures implicit in the theism of Adi Shankaracharya. The movement spread out and attained a pan-India status during t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Bengali Literature
{{unreferenced, date=August 2015 The Middle Bengali language, Middle Bengali Literature is a period in the history of Bengali literature dated from 15th to 18th centuries. Following the Turkic peoples in India, Turkic Muslim in india, Muslim Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, conquest of Bengal in the 13th century, literature in vernacular Bengali language, Bengali began to take shape. The oldest example of Middle Bengali Literature is believed to be ''Shreekrishna Kirtana'' by Boru Chandidas. The Middle Bengali Literature is divided into three periods, named Pre-Chaitanya Era, Chaitanya Era, and Later Middle Age. In the Pre-Chaitanya Era (15th century), the early Vaishnava Poetry or the Vaishnava Padavali by Chandidas and Vidyapati was composed, the first translations of ''Ramayana, Rāmāyana'' and ''Bhagavata'' in Bengali were made, and the tradition of Mangalkavya, Mangalkāvya flourished with ''Manasamangal'' and ''Chandimangal''. In the Chaitanya Era (16th-17th centu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism. It was a link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture, and of the political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting impact on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Old Indo-Aryan language varieties. The most archaic of these is the Vedic Sanskrit found in the Rig Veda, a colle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murari Gupta
Murari Gupta ( fl. 16th century) was born in a Baidya family in Sylhet. He was a physician and noted Bengali Vaishnava poet. He became a devotee of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and moved to Nabadwip. In 1513, he composed in Sanskrit the ''Shri Krishna Chaitanya Charanamrita'' ( ''murāri-gupta-kaṛchā''), a poetic biography of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. This work is the earliest source for Chaitanya's life. Later hagiographies are based on this work such as the ''Chaitanya Charitamrita The ''Chaitanya Charitamrita'' (; bn, চৈতন্যচরিতামৃত, Côitônyôcôritamṛtô), composed by Krishnadasa Kaviraja in 1557, is written in Bengali with a great number of Sanskrit verses in its devotional, poetic cons ...''. External links * Bengali-language poets Bengali Hindus Bengali-language writers 16th-century Bengalis Bengali male poets Year of death unknown Year of birth unknown 16th-century Indian poets Indian male poets People from Sylhet Division ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sri Chaitanya
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (; born Vishvambhar Mishra) was a 15th-century Indian saint who is considered to be the combined avatar of Radha and Krishna by his disciples and various scriptures. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's mode of worshipping Krishna with ecstatic song and dance had a profound effect on Vaishnavism in Bengal. He was also the chief proponent of the Vedantic philosophy of Achintya Bheda Abheda Tattva. Mahaprabhu founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism ( the Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Sampradaya). He expounded Bhakti yoga and popularized the chanting of the Hare Krishna Maha-mantra. He composed the ''Shikshashtakam'' (eight devotional prayers). Chaitanya is sometimes called Gauranga or Gaura due to his molten gold–like complexion. His birthday is celebrated as Gaura-purnima. He is also called Nimai due to him being born underneath a Neem tree. Life '' Chaitanya'' means "one who is conscious" (derived from Chetana, which means "Consciousness"); ''Maha'' means "Great" and ''Prabhu' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rukunuddin Barbak Shah
Ruknuddīn Bārbak Shāh ( bn, রোকনউদ্দীন বারবক শাহ, fa, ; r. 1459–1474) was the son and successor of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. Initially appointed as the governor of Satgaon during the reign of his father, Barbak ascended the throne of the Bengal Sultanate in 1459. He was the first ruler to give prominent roles in the Sultanate's administration to the Abyssinian community. Historian Aniruddha Ray credits Barbak Shah as the pioneer of urbanisation in Bengal. Early life and ascension Barbak was born into an aristocratic Bengali Muslim Sunni family known as the Ilyas Shahi dynasty that had founded the Bengal Sultanate in 1352 CE. Despite his family's long presence in the region, Barbak's ancestors were of Sistani origin, hailing from what is now eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan. His father, Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, ruled Bengal for over twenty years. During his father's reign, Barbak served as the Governor of Satgaon (Arsa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vrindavana
Vrindavan (; ), also spelt Vrindaban and Brindaban, is a historical city in the Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located in the Braj Bhoomi region and holds religious importance in Hinduism as Krishna spent most of his childhood days in this city. Vrindavan has about 5,500 temples dedicated to the worship of Krishna and his divine consort Radha. It is one of the most sacred places for Vaishnavism tradition. Vrindavan is a significant part of the "Krishna pilgrimage circuit" which also includes Mathura, Barsana, Gokul, Govardhan, Kurukshetra, Dwarka and Puri. Etymology The ancient Sanskrit name of the city, (), comes from its groves of ''vṛndā'' ( Holy basil) and ''vana'' (a grove or forest). Geography Vrindavan is located at . It has an average elevation of 170 metres (557 feet). Yamuna river flows through the city. It is located 125 km away from Delhi and 15 km away from Mathura City. Climate Demographics As of 2011 In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Srimad Bhagavatam
The ''Bhagavata Purana'' ( sa, भागवतपुराण; ), also known as the ''Srimad Bhagavatam'', ''Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana'' or simply ''Bhagavata'', is one of Hinduism's eighteen great Puranas (''Mahapuranas''). Composed in Sanskrit by Veda Vyasa, it promotes ''bhakti'' (devotion) towards Krishna, integrating themes from the Advaita (monism) philosophy of Adi Shankara, the Vishishtadvaita (qualified monism) of Ramanujacharya and the Dvaita (dualism) of Madhvacharya. It is widely available in almost all Indian languages. The ''Bhagavata Purana'', like other puranas, discusses a wide range of topics including cosmology, astronomy, genealogy, geography, legend, music, dance, yoga and culture. As it begins, the forces of evil have won a war between the benevolent ''devas'' (deities) and evil ''asuras'' (demons) and now rule the universe. Truth re-emerges as Krishna, (called "Hari" and "Vāsudeva" in the text) – first makes peace with the demons, understands them ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maladhar Basu
Maladhar Basu ( bn, মালাধর বসু; c. 15th century) was a Bengali poet. He wrote ''Sri Krishna Vijaya'' (শ্রীকৃষ্ণবিজয়, ''Triumph of Lord Krishna''), the earliest Bengali narrative poem that can be assigned to a definite date. It is also the oldest Bengali narrative poem of Krishna legend. It was composed between 1473 and 1480. The long poem is a translation of the 10th and 11th cantos of the ''Bhagavata Purana''; a part of ''Vishnu Purana'' and the story of ''Ramayana'' is also incorporated here. In the poem written in an early Bangla, Maladhar focuses on Krishna's divine life, with the 10th canto relating the legends of Krishna as a child, and his divine play with the gopis in Vrindavana. He was honoured by Rukunuddin Barbak Shah with the title 'Gunaraj Khan'. Maladhar Basu was born at Kulingram village of modern-day Purba Bardhaman district, Paschimbanga (West Bengal) to Bhagirath Basu and Indumati Devi. Maladhar Basu was a scholar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bengali Language
Bengali ( ), generally known by its endonym Bangla (, ), is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language native to the Bengal region of South Asia. It is the official, national, and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh and the second most widely spoken of the 22 scheduled languages of India. With approximately 300 million native speakers and another 37 million as second language speakers, Bengali is the List of languages by number of native speakers, fifth most-spoken native language and the List of languages by total number of speakers, seventh most spoken language by total number of speakers in the world. Bengali is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language. Bengali is the official language, official and national language of Bangladesh, with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. Within India, Bengali is the official language of the states of West Bengal, Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam. It is also a second official lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birbhum
Birbhum district () is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the northernmost district of Burdwan division—one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. The district headquarters is in Suri. Other important cities are Bolpur, Rampurhat and Sainthia. Jamtara, Dumka and Pakur districts of the state of Jharkhand lie at the western border of this district; the border in other directions is covered by the districts of Bardhaman and Murshidabad of West Bengal. Often called "the land of red soil",Rahim, Kazi MB, and Sarkar, Debasish, ''Agriculture, Technology, Products and Markets of Birbhum District'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 157–166, Information and Cultural Department, Government of West Bengal. Birbhum is noted for its topography and its cultural heritage which is somewhat different from the other districts in West Bengal. The western part of Birbhum is a bushy region, a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. This region ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chandidas
Chandidas (born 1408) was a medieval poet of Bengal, or possibly more than one. Over 1250 poems related to the love of Radha and Krishna in Bengali with the ''bhanita'' of Chandidas are found with three different sobriquets along with his name, ', ''Dvija'' and ''Dina'' as well as without any sobriquet also. It is not clear whether these ''bhanita''s actually refer to the same person or not. It is assumed by some modern scholars that the poems which are current in the name of Chandidas are actually the works of at least four different Chandidas, who are distinguished from each other by their sobriquets found in the ''bhanita''s. It is also assumed that the earliest of them was Ananta Chandidas, who has been more or less identified as a historical figure born in the 14th century in Birbhum district of the present-day West Bengal state and wrote the lyrical ''Srikrishna Kirtan'' (Songs in praise of Krishna). ''Srikrishna Kirtan'' In 1916, the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad published ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Govindadasa
Govindadasa (1535–1613, bn, গোবিন্দদাস) was a Bengali Vaishnava poet known for his body of devotional songs addressed to Krishna. Living in an atmosphere of Krishna-bhakti preached by Sri Chaitanya (1486–1533), he composed extensively on the Radha-Krishna love legend. He is also known as Govindadasa Kaviraja. Life Govindadasa came from a Baidya family. The younger son of Chiranjeeva and Sunanda, Govindadasa was born in his mother's ancestral home in Srikhanda, a village in Bardhaman district which was one of the centers of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. His grandfather (Sunanda's father) Damodar Sen was also a poet, the author of '' Sangit Damodar''. His brother Ramachandra was a noted philosopher-poet. After the death of his father, Ramachandra went to live in Srikhanda with his maternal grandfather( Even now the members of his family live here and everyone knows them as Karta Roy) , Damodar Sen, who was a disciple of Narahari Sarkar. Later, for a short duratio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
