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VP (nerve Agent)
VP (3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate), also known as EA-1511, is an extremely toxic organophosphate nerve agent of the V-series. Agent VP belongs to a class of organophosphates known as 3-pyridyl phosphonates. These agents are extremely potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Synthesis Methylphosphonic dichloride and triethylamine are dissolved in benzene. 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol is then slowly added while stirring and cooling. The reaction temperature is maintained at 10-15 °C. The mixture is then heated to 40 °C for 1 hour. A benzene solution of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl methylphosphonochloridate is formed. Triethylamine is then added to reaction mixture and 3-pyridol is added slowly while stirring and cooling. The reaction temperature is maintained at 35 °C. The mixture is then stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. The mixture is washed with a sodium hydroxide solution and water. The solvent is then removed by distillation at re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nerve Agent
Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the blocking of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Nerve agents are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used as poison. Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to constriction of pupils, profuse salivation, convulsions, and involuntary urination and defecation, with the first symptoms appearing in seconds after exposure. Death by asphyxiation or cardiac arrest may follow in minutes due to the loss of the body's control over respiratory and other muscles. Some nerve agents are readily vaporized or aerosolized, and the primary portal of entry into the body is the respiratory system. Nerve agents can also be absorbed through the skin, requiring that those likely to be subjected to such agents wear a full body suit in addition to a respirato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methyl Iodide
Iodomethane, also called methyl iodide, and commonly abbreviated "MeI", is the chemical compound with the formula CH3I. It is a dense, colorless, volatile liquid. In terms of chemical structure, it is related to methane by replacement of one hydrogen atom by an atom of iodine. It is naturally emitted by rice plantations in small amounts. It is also produced in vast quantities estimated to be greater than 214,000 tons annually by algae and kelp in the world's temperate oceans, and in lesser amounts on land by terrestrial fungi and bacteria. It is used in organic synthesis as a source of methyl groups. Preparation and handling Iodomethane is formed via the exothermic reaction that occurs when iodine is added to a mixture of methanol with red phosphorus. The iodinating reagent is phosphorus triiodide that is formed ''in situ:'' :3 CH3OH + PI3 → 3 CH3I + H2PO3H Alternatively, it is prepared from the reaction of dimethyl sulfate with potassium iodide in the presence of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) also often called cholinesterase inhibitors, inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions, which are rich in acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are one of two types of cholinesterase inhibitors; the other being butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitors. Acetylcholinesterase is the primary member of the cholinesterase enzyme family. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are classified as reversible, irreversible, or quasi-irreversible (also called pseudo-irreversible). Mechanism of action Organophosphates Organophosphates like TEPP and sarin inhibit cholinesterases, enzymes that hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The active centre of cholinesterases feature two important sites, namely th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
V-series Nerve Agents
{{disambiguation ...
V series or V-series may refer to: * Cadillac V series, a line of high-performance vehicles * List of ITU-T V-series recommendations, on data communication over the telephone network * LG V series, a line of high-end Android devices * V series of Sony Ericsson phones, exclusive to Vodafone * V-series of nerve agents: ** VE (nerve agent) ** VG (nerve agent) ** VM (nerve agent) ** VR (nerve agent) ** VS (nerve agent) ** VX (nerve agent) * V (TV series), the name of several TV series * V Series (Sweden), a TV channel See also * U series (other) * W series (other) W series or W-series may refer to: * Dodge W series, 4x4 versions of Dodge D series * GMC W series or Chevrolet W series – versions of the Isuzu Elf trucks * Kawasaki W series, motorcycles * NRIST W-series UAV, Chinese unmanned aerial vehicle l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
V-sub X
V-sub x, also known as GD-7, is an organophosphate nerve agent of the V-series, the phosphonate analog of the organophosphate insecticide demeton.Kulieva AM, Dalimov DN, Dorenskaya GM, et al. Biochemical investigation of cholinesterases and carboxylesterases from the cotton bollworm ''Heliothis armigera''. ''Chem Nat Compd'' 1994 Jan; 30(1): 116-120. EA-5478 is the pinacolyl analogue. See also *VX (nerve agent) *Demeton Demeton, sold as an amber oily liquid with a sulphur like odour under the name Systox™, is an organophosphate derivative causing irritability and shortness of breath to individuals repeatedly exposed. It was used as a phosphorothioate insecticid ... References V-series nerve agents Phosphonothioates Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Ethyl esters Thioethers {{Organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ro 3-0422
Ro 3-0422 is an extremely potent organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is extremely toxic. The intravenous is 20 μg/kg in mice. It is over 300 times more potent than neostigmine Neostigmine, sold under the brand name Bloxiverz, among others, is a medication used to treat myasthenia gravis, Ogilvie syndrome, and urinary retention without the presence of a blockage. It is also used in anaesthesia to end the effects of n .... See also * Ro 3-0419 References Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Organophosphates Quinolines Ethyl esters Quaternary ammonium compounds Methylsulfates {{Organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GV (nerve Agent)
GV (IUPAC name: 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl ''N'',''N''-dimethylphosphoramidofluoridate) is an organophosphate nerve agent. GV is a part of a new series of nerve agents with properties similar to both the "G-series" and "V-series". It is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with properties similar to other nerve agents, being a highly poisonous vapour. Treatment for poisoning with GV involves drugs such as atropine, benactyzine, obidoxime, and HI-6. See also * Fluorotabun *Methylfluorophosphonylcholine Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh) is an extremely toxic chemical compound related to the G-series nerve agents. It is an extremely potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which is around 100 times more potent than sarin at inhibiting acetylchol ... * VG (nerve agent) References External links * * Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Dimethylamino compounds Phosphorofluoridates G-series nerve agents {{Organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A-234 (nerve Agent)
A-234 is an organophosphate nerve agent. It was developed in the Soviet Union under the FOLIANT program and is one of the group of compounds referred to as Novichok agents that were revealed by Vil Mirzayanov. In March 2018 the Russian ambassador to the UK, Alexander Yakovenko, claimed to have been informed by British authorities that A-234 had been identified as the agent used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. Vladimir Uglev, one of the inventors of the Novichok series of compounds, said he was "99 percent sure that it was A-234" in relation to the 2018 Amesbury poisonings, noting its unusually high persistence in the environment. According to a classified report by the United States Army National Ground Intelligence Center, the agent designated as A-232 and its ethyl analog A-234, developed under the FOLIANT program, "are as toxic as VX, as resistant to treatment as soman, and more difficult to detect and easier to manufacture than VX". Of the agent's binary versi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl Cyclohexyl Methylphosphonate
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate is an extremely toxic organophosphate nerve agent. It is the cyclohexyl methylphosphonate ester of ethyl acetoacetate. The compound has two isomers, the ''cis'' isomer and ''trans'' isomer, with the ''trans'' isomer being more toxic. See also *3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate VP (3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate), also known as EA-1511, is an extremely toxic organophosphate nerve agent of the V-series. Agent VP belongs to a class of organophosphates known as 3-pyridyl phosphonates. These agents ar ... * Mevinphos References Organophosphate nerve agents Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Acetoacetate esters Phosphonate esters Ethyl esters Cyclohexyl compounds {{Ester-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are alkanes containing one or more halogen substituents. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes that contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) also often called cholinesterase inhibitors, inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions, which are rich in acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are one of two types of cholinesterase inhibitors; the other being butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitors. Acetylcholinesterase is the primary member of the cholinesterase enzyme family. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are classified as reversible, irreversible, or quasi-irreversible (also called pseudo-irreversible). Mechanism of action Organophosphates Organophosphates like TEPP and sarin inhibit cholinesterases, enzymes that hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The active centre of cholinesterases feature two important sites, namely the a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
