V. M. Molotov
Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov. ; (;. 9 March O. S. 25 February">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O. S. 25 February1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Russian politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s onward. He served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars from 1930 to 1941 and as Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1949 and from 1953 to 1956. During the 1930s, he ranked second in the Soviet leadership, after Joseph Stalin, whom he supported loyally for over 30 years, and whose reputation he continued to defend after Stalin's death, having himself been deeply implicated in the worst atrocities of the Stalin years – the forced collectivisation of agriculture in the early 1930s, and the Great Purge, during which he signed 373 lists of people condemned to execution. As People's Commissar for Foreign Affai ...
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Polina Zhemchuzhina
Polina Semyonovna Zhemchuzhina (born Perl Solomonovna Karpovskaya; 27 February 1897 – 1 April 1970) was a Soviet politician and the wife of the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov. Zhemchuzhina was the director of the Soviet national cosmetics trust from 1932 to 1936, Minister of Fisheries in 1939, and head of textiles production in the Ministry of Light Industry from 1939 to 1948. In 1948, Zhemchuzhina was arrested by the Soviet secret police, charged with treason, and sent into internal exile, where she remained until after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. Biography Zhemchuzhina was born Perl Solomonovna Karpovskaya to the family of a Jewish tailor Solomon Karpovsky in the village of Polohy, in the Alexandrovsky Uyezd (today Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine). She joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party of Bolsheviks in 1918 and served as a propaganda commissar in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. As a communist, she went by the surname Zhemchuzhin ...
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General Secretary Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED Online. March 2021. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77489?rskey=dCKrg4&result=1 (accessed May 11, 2021) The term ''general'' is used in two ways: as the generic title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of ''captain general'', which rank was taken from Middle French ''capitaine général''. The adjective ''general'' had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of ''general'' is known in some countries as a four-star rank. However, different countries use different systems of stars or other insignia for senior ranks. It has a NATO rank sc ...
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Politburo Of The Central Committee Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union
The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (, abbreviated: ), or Politburo ( rus, Политбюро, p=pəlʲɪtbʲʊˈro) was the highest policy-making authority within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It was founded in October 1917, and refounded in March 1919, at the 8th Congress of the Bolshevik Party. It was known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966. The existence of the Politburo ended in 1991 upon the breakup of the Soviet Union. History Background On August 18, 1917, the top Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin, set up a political bureau—known first as Narrow composition, and after October 23, 1917, as Political bureau—specifically to direct the October Revolution, with only seven members (Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Joseph Stalin, Grigori Sokolnikov, and Andrei Bubnov), but this precursor did not outlast the event; the Central Committee continued with the political functions. However, due t ...
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13th Politburo Of The All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 2 June 1924 to 1 January 1926. Composition Members Candidates References {{Communist Party of the Soviet Union Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Politburo Politburo Politburo Politburo Politburo A politburo () or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties. It is present in most former and existing communist states. Names The term "politburo" in English comes from the Russian ''Politbyuro'' (), itself a contraction ...

12th Politburo And The 12th Secretariat Of The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 26 April 1923 to 2 June 1924. Composition Members Candidates References {{Communist Party of the Soviet Union Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members 1923 establishments in the Soviet Union 1924 disestablishments in the Soviet Union ...
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11th Politburo And The 11th Secretariat Of The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 2 April 1922 to 25 April 1923. Composition Members Candidates References {{Communist Party of the Soviet Union Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members 1922 establishments in Russia 1923 disestablishments in the Soviet Union ...
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10th Politburo And The 10th Secretariat Of The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 16 March 1921 to 3 April 1922. Composition Members Candidates References {{DEFAULTSORT:10th Politburo and the 10th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Politburo Politburo Politburo A politburo () or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties. It is present in most former and existing communist states. Names The term "politburo" in English comes from the Russian ''Politbyuro'' (), itself a contraction ...

Presidium Of The Central Committee Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union
The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (, abbreviated: ), or Politburo ( rus, Политбюро, p=pəlʲɪtbʲʊˈro) was the highest policy-making authority within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It was founded in October 1917, and refounded in March 1919, at the 8th Congress of the Bolshevik Party. It was known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966. The existence of the Politburo ended in 1991 upon the breakup of the Soviet Union. History Background On August 18, 1917, the top Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin, set up a political bureau—known first as Narrow composition, and after October 23, 1917, as Political bureau—specifically to direct the October Revolution, with only seven members (Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Joseph Stalin, Grigori Sokolnikov, and Andrei Bubnov), but this precursor did not outlast the event; the Central Committee continued with the political functions. However, due t ...
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19th Presidium Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union
The Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was in session from 1952 to 1956. Composition Members Candidates Organs of the 19th Presidium (dissolved in March 1953) ;Bureau of the Presidium * Lavrentiy Beria (1889–1953) * Nikolai Bulganin (1895–1975) * Kliment Voroshilov (1881–1969) * Lazar Kaganovich (1893–1991) * Georgy Malenkov (1902–1988) * Mikhail Pervukhin (1904–1978) * Maksim Saburov (1900–1977) * Joseph Stalin (1878–1953) * Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971) ;Standing Committee on Ideological Questions * Aleksey Rumyantsev (1905–1993) — Chairman from 18 November 1952 until 23 March 1953. * Mikhail Suslov (1902–1982) * Dmitry Chesnokov (1910–1973) * Dmitry Shepilov (1905–1995) — Chairman from 10 October 1952 until 18 November 1952. * Pavel Yudin (1899–1968) ;Standing Committee on Defense * Lavrentiy Beria (1899–1953) * Nikolai Bulganin (1895–1975) — Chairman from 10 October 1952 until 3 Mar ...
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18th Politburo Of The All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1939 to 1952. Composition Members Candidates References {{Communist Party of the Soviet Union Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Politburo Politburo Politburo Politburo Politburo Politburo Politburo Politburo ...
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17th Politburo Of The All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1934 to 1939. Composition Members Candidates References {{Communist Party of the Soviet Union Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members 1934 establishments in the Soviet Union 1939 disestablishments in the Soviet Union ...
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