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Ulm Invariant
In mathematics, the height of an element ''g'' of an abelian group ''A'' is an invariant that captures its divisibility properties: it is the largest natural number ''N'' such that the equation ''Nx'' = ''g'' has a solution ''x'' ∈ ''A'', or the symbol ∞ if there is no such ''N''. The ''p''-height considers only divisibility properties by the powers of a fixed prime number ''p''. The notion of height admits a refinement so that the ''p''-height becomes an ordinal number. Height plays an important role in Prüfer theorems and also in Ulm's theorem, which describes the classification of certain infinite abelian groups in terms of their Ulm factors or Ulm invariants. Definition of height Let ''A'' be an abelian group and ''g'' an element of ''A''. The ''p''-height of ''g'' in ''A'', denoted ''h''''p''(''g''), is the largest natural number ''n'' such that the equation ''p''''n''''x'' = ''g'' has a solution in ''x'' ∈ ''A'', or the symbol ∞ if a solution e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helmut Ulm
Helmut Ulm (born 21 June 1908 in Gelsenkirchen; died 13 June 1975) was a German mathematician who established the classification of countable periodic abelian groups by means of their Ulm invariants. Career Helmut Ulm's father was an elementary school teacher in Elberfeld. After finishing high school in Wuppertal in 1926, he attended the universities of Göttingen (1926–1927), Jena (1927) and Bonn (1927–1930), where he studied mathematics and physics, attending the lectures of Richard Courant, Erich Bessel-Hagen, Felix Hausdorff, and the joint Hausdorff–Otto Toeplitz seminar. He graduated summa cum laude in 1930 with a thesis about countable periodic abelian groups (1933). In 1933–1935 he was an assistant in Göttingen and worked with Wilhelm Magnus and Olga Taussky-Todd editing David Hilbert's ''Collected Works''. His Habilitationsschrift developed a generalization of the elementary divisor theory to infinite matrices, continuing ideas of Ulm's teacher Toeplitz. It was s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finite Field
In mathematics, a finite field or Galois field (so-named in honor of Évariste Galois) is a field that contains a finite number of elements. As with any field, a finite field is a set on which the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division are defined and satisfy certain basic rules. The most common examples of finite fields are given by the integers mod when is a prime number. The ''order'' of a finite field is its number of elements, which is either a prime number or a prime power. For every prime number and every positive integer there are fields of order p^k, all of which are isomorphic. Finite fields are fundamental in a number of areas of mathematics and computer science, including number theory, algebraic geometry, Galois theory, finite geometry, cryptography and coding theory. Properties A finite field is a finite set which is a field; this means that multiplication, addition, subtraction and division (excluding division by zero) are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vector Space
In mathematics and physics, a vector space (also called a linear space) is a set whose elements, often called ''vectors'', may be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers called '' scalars''. Scalars are often real numbers, but can be complex numbers or, more generally, elements of any field. The operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain requirements, called ''vector axioms''. The terms real vector space and complex vector space are often used to specify the nature of the scalars: real coordinate space or complex coordinate space. Vector spaces generalize Euclidean vectors, which allow modeling of physical quantities, such as forces and velocity, that have not only a magnitude, but also a direction. The concept of vector spaces is fundamental for linear algebra, together with the concept of matrix, which allows computing in vector spaces. This provides a concise and synthetic way for manipulating and studying systems of linear eq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Discrete Valuation Ring
In abstract algebra, a discrete valuation ring (DVR) is a principal ideal domain (PID) with exactly one non-zero maximal ideal. This means a DVR is an integral domain ''R'' which satisfies any one of the following equivalent conditions: # ''R'' is a local principal ideal domain, and not a field. # ''R'' is a valuation ring with a value group isomorphic to the integers under addition. # ''R'' is a local Dedekind domain and not a field. # ''R'' is a Noetherian local domain whose maximal ideal is principal, and not a field.https://mathoverflow.net/a/155639/114772 # ''R'' is an integrally closed Noetherian local ring with Krull dimension one. # ''R'' is a principal ideal domain with a unique non-zero prime ideal. # ''R'' is a principal ideal domain with a unique irreducible element ( up to multiplication by units). # ''R'' is a unique factorization domain with a unique irreducible element (up to multiplication by units). # ''R'' is Noetherian, not a field, and every nonzero fractio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complete Ring
In abstract algebra, a completion is any of several related functors on rings and modules that result in complete topological rings and modules. Completion is similar to localization, and together they are among the most basic tools in analysing commutative rings. Complete commutative rings have a simpler structure than general ones, and Hensel's lemma applies to them. In algebraic geometry, a completion of a ring of functions ''R'' on a space ''X'' concentrates on a formal neighborhood of a point of ''X'': heuristically, this is a neighborhood so small that ''all'' Taylor series centered at the point are convergent. An algebraic completion is constructed in a manner analogous to completion of a metric space with Cauchy sequences, and agrees with it in the case when ''R'' has a metric given by a non-Archimedean absolute value. General construction Suppose that ''E'' is an abelian group with a descending filtration : E = F^0 E \supset F^1 E \supset F^2 E \supset \cdots \, of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Module (algebra)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a ring. The concept of ''module'' generalizes also the notion of abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers. Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operation of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication. Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. Introduction and definition Motivation In a vector space, the set of scalars is a field and acts on the vectors by scalar multiplication, subject to certain axioms such as the distributive law. In a module, the scalars need only be a ring, so the module conce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irving Kaplansky
Irving Kaplansky (March 22, 1917 – June 25, 2006) was a mathematician, college professor, author, and amateur musician.O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Irving Kaplansky", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kaplansky.html. Biography Kaplansky or "Kap" as his friends and colleagues called him was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to Polish-Jewish immigrants; his father worked as a tailor, and his mother ran a grocery and, eventually, a chain of bakeries. He went to Harbord Collegiate Institute receiving the Prince of Wales Scholarship as a teenager. He attended the University of Toronto as an undergraduate and finished first in his class for three consecutive years. In his senior year, he competed in the first William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, becoming one of the first five recipients of the Putnam Fellowship, which paid for graduate studies at Harvard University. Administe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Mackey
George Whitelaw Mackey (February 1, 1916 – March 15, 2006) was an American mathematician known for his contributions to quantum logic, representation theory, and noncommutative geometry. Career Mackey earned his bachelor of arts at Rice University (then the Rice Institute) in 1938 and obtained his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1942 under the direction of Marshall H. Stone. He joined the Harvard University Mathematics Department in 1943, was appointed Landon T. Clay Professor of Mathematics and Theoretical Science in 1969 and remained there until he retired in 1985. Work Earlier in his career Mackey did significant work in the duality theory of locally convex spaces, which provided tools for subsequent work in this area, including Alexander Grothendieck's work on topological tensor products. Mackey was one of the pioneer workers in the intersection of quantum logic, the theory of infinite-dimensional unitary representations of groups, the theory of operator algebras and nonc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matrix (mathematics)
In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns, which is used to represent a mathematical object or a property of such an object. For example, \begin1 & 9 & -13 \\20 & 5 & -6 \end is a matrix with two rows and three columns. This is often referred to as a "two by three matrix", a "-matrix", or a matrix of dimension . Without further specifications, matrices represent linear maps, and allow explicit computations in linear algebra. Therefore, the study of matrices is a large part of linear algebra, and most properties and operations of abstract linear algebra can be expressed in terms of matrices. For example, matrix multiplication represents composition of linear maps. Not all matrices are related to linear algebra. This is, in particular, the case in graph theory, of incidence matrices, and adjacency matrices. ''This article focuses on matrices related to linear algebra, and, unle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elementary Divisors
In algebra, the elementary divisors of a module over a principal ideal domain (PID) occur in one form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain. If R is a PID and M a finitely generated R-module, then ''M'' is isomorphic to a finite sum of the form ::M\cong R^r\oplus \bigoplus_^l R/(q_i) \qquad\textr,l\geq0 :where the (q_i) are nonzero primary ideals. The list of primary ideals is unique up to order (but a given ideal may be present more than once, so the list represents a multiset of primary ideals); the elements q_i are unique only up to associatedness, and are called the ''elementary divisors''. Note that in a PID, the nonzero primary ideals are powers of prime ideals, so the elementary divisors can be written as powers q_i=p_i^ of irreducible elements. The nonnegative integer r is called the ''free rank'' or ''Betti number'' of the module M. The module is determined up to isomorphism by specifying its free rank , and for class of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fundamental Theorem Of Finitely Generated Abelian Groups
In abstract algebra, an abelian group (G,+) is called finitely generated if there exist finitely many elements x_1,\dots,x_s in G such that every x in G can be written in the form x = n_1x_1 + n_2x_2 + \cdots + n_sx_s for some integers n_1,\dots, n_s. In this case, we say that the set \ is a ''generating set'' of G or that x_1,\dots, x_s ''generate'' G. Every finite abelian group is finitely generated. The finitely generated abelian groups can be completely classified. Examples * The integers, \left(\mathbb,+\right), are a finitely generated abelian group. * The integers modulo n, \left(\mathbb/n\mathbb,+\right), are a finite (hence finitely generated) abelian group. * Any direct sum of finitely many finitely generated abelian groups is again a finitely generated abelian group. * Every lattice forms a finitely generated free abelian group. There are no other examples (up to isomorphism). In particular, the group \left(\mathbb,+\right) of rational numbers is not finitely generated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
