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UBE3A
Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE3A'' gene. This enzyme is involved in targeting proteins for degradation within cells. Protein degradation is a normal process that removes damaged or unnecessary proteins and helps maintain the normal functions of cells. Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A attaches a small marker protein called ubiquitin to proteins that should be degraded. Cellular structures called proteasomes recognize and digest proteins tagged with ubiquitin. Both copies of the UBE3A gene are active in most of the body's tissues. In most neurons, however, only the copy inherited from a person's mother (the maternal copy) is normally active; this is known as paternal imprinting. Recent evidence shows that at least some glial cells and neurons may exhibit biallelic expression of UBE3A. Further work is thus needed to delineate a complete map of UBE3A imprinting in humans and mod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angelman Syndrome
Angelman syndrome or Angelman's syndrome (AS) is a genetic disorder that mainly affects the nervous system. Symptoms include a small head and a specific facial appearance, severe intellectual disability, developmental disability, limited to no functional speech, balance and movement problems, seizures, and sleep problems. Children usually have a happy personality and have a particular interest in water. The symptoms generally become noticeable by one year of age. Angelman syndrome is due to a lack of function of part of chromosome 15, typically due to a new mutation rather than one inherited from a person's parents. Most of the time, it is due to a deletion or mutation of the UBE3A gene on that chromosome. Occasionally, it is due to inheriting two copies of chromosome 15 from a person's father and none from their mother ( paternal uniparental disomy). As the father's versions are inactivated by a process known as genomic imprinting, no functional version of the gene remains. D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ube3a-ATS
UBE3A-ATS/Ube3a-ATS (human/mouse), otherwise known as ubiquitin ligase E3A-ATS, is the name for the antisense DNA strand that is transcribed as part of a larger transcript called ''LNCAT'' (large non-coding antisense transcript) at the ''Ube3a'' locus. The ''Ube3a'' locus is imprinted and in the central nervous system expressed only from the maternal allele. Silencing of ''Ube3a'' on the paternal allele is thought to occur through the ''Ube3a-ATS'' part of ''LNCAT'', since non-coding antisense transcripts are often found at imprinted loci. The deletion and/or mutation of ''Ube3a'' on the maternal chromosome causes Angelman Syndrome (AS) and ''Ube3a-ATS'' may prove to be an important aspect in finding a therapy for this disease. While in patients with AS the maternal ''Ube3a'' allele is inactive, the paternal allele is intact but epigenetically silenced. If unsilenced, the paternal allele could be a source of active Ube3a protein in AS patients. Therefore, understanding the me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosome 15 (human)
Chromosome 15 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 15 spans about 102 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 3% and 3.5% of the total DNA in cells. Chromosome 15 is an acrocentric chromosome, with a very small short arm (the "p" arm, for "petite"), which contains few protein coding genes among its 19 million base pairs. It has a larger long arm (the "q" arm) that is gene rich, spanning about 83 million base pairs. The human leukocyte antigen gene for β2-microglobulin is found on chromosome 15, as well as the FBN1 gene, coding for both fibrillin-1 (a protein critical to the proper functioning of connective tissue), and aprosin (a small protein produced from part of the transcribed FBN1 gene mRNA), which is involved in fat metabolism. Genes Number of genes The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 15. Because researchers use different approac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosome 15
Chromosome 15 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 15 spans about 102 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 3% and 3.5% of the total DNA in cells. Chromosome 15 is an acrocentric chromosome, with a very small short arm (the "p" arm, for "petite"), which contains few protein coding genes among its 19 million base pairs. It has a larger long arm (the "q" arm) that is gene rich, spanning about 83 million base pairs. The human leukocyte antigen gene for β2-microglobulin is found on chromosome 15, as well as the FBN1 gene, coding for both fibrillin-1 (a protein critical to the proper functioning of connective tissue), and aprosin (a small protein produced from part of the transcribed FBN1 gene mRNA), which is involved in fat metabolism. Genes Number of genes The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 15. Because researchers use different approac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UBE2L3
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3), also called UBCH7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2L3'' gene. As an E2 enzyme, UBE2L3 participates in ubiquitination to target proteins for degradation. The role of UBE2L3 in the ubiquitination of the NF-κB precursor implicated it in various major autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), celiac disease, Crohn's disease (CD), and systemic lupus erythematosus. Structure Gene The ''UBE2L3'' gene is located at chromosome 22q11.21, consisting of 6 exons. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. Protein There are 38 E2 enzymes in humans. They all contain a conserved catalytic core domain that interacts with E1 and E3 and many E2s possess additional N- and/or C-terminal protein sequences. In contrast to other E2s, residues necessary for lysine reactivity are absent: the D87 and D117 residues (in UBCH5C numbering) are replaced by Pro and His ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UBE2D2
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2D2'' gene. Function The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53, which is induced by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene and they encode distinct isoforms. Interactions UBE2D2 has been shown to interact with: * Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3, * NEDD4, * PJA1, * PJA2, and * UBE3A Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP) is an enzyme th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UBE2D1
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2D1'' gene. Function The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is closely related to a stimulator of iron transport (SFT), and is up-regulated in hereditary hemochromatosis. It also functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1alpha by interacting with the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. Interactions UBE2D1 has been shown to interact with: * BARD1, * BRCA1, and * UBE3A Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) also known as E6AP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TSC2
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (TSC2), also known as Tuberin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TSC2'' gene. Function Mutations in this gene lead to tuberous sclerosis. Its gene product is believed to be a tumor suppressor and is able to stimulate specific GTPases. Hamartin coded by the gene TSC1 functions as a facilitator of Hsp90 in chaperoning of Tuberin, therefore preventing its ubiquitination and degradation in the proteasome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms of the protein. Mutations in TSC2 can cause Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, a disease caused by the enlargement of tissue in the lungs, creating cysts and tumours and causing difficulty breathing. Because Tuberin regulates cell size, along with the protein Hamartin, mutations to TSC1 and TSC2 genes may prevent the control of cell growth in the lungs of individuals. Cell Pathology Cells from individuals with pathogenic mutations in the TSC2 gene display d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Progesterone Receptor
The progesterone receptor (PR), also known as NR3C3 or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 3, is a protein found inside cells. It is activated by the steroid hormone progesterone. In humans, PR is encoded by a single ''PGR'' gene residing on chromosome 11q22, it has two isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, that differ in their molecular weight. The PR-B is the positive regulator of the effects of progesterone, while PR-A serve to antagonize the effects of PR-B. Mechanism Progesterone is necessary to induce the progesterone receptors. When no binding hormone is present the carboxyl terminal inhibits transcription. Binding to a hormone induces a structural change that removes the inhibitory action. Progesterone antagonists prevent the structural reconfiguration. After progesterone binds to the receptor, restructuring with dimerization follows and the complex enters the nucleus and binds to DNA. There transcription takes place, resulting in formation of messenger RNA that is tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MECP2
''MECP2'' (methyl CpG binding protein 2) is a gene that encodes the protein MECP2. MECP2 appears to be essential for the normal function of nerve cells. The protein seems to be particularly important for mature nerve cells, where it is present in high levels. The MECP2 protein is likely to be involved in turning off ("repressing" or " silencing") several other genes. This prevents the genes from making proteins when they are not needed. Recent work has shown that MECP2 can also activate other genes. The MECP2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of the X chromosome in band 28 ("Xq28"), from base pair 152,808,110 to base pair 152,878,611. MECP2 is an important reader of DNA methylation. Its methyl-CpG-binding (MBD) domain recognizes and binds 5-mC regions. MECP2 is X-linked and subject to X inactivation. MECP2 gene mutations are the cause of most cases of Rett syndrome, a progressive neurologic developmental disorder and one of the most common causes of cognitive disability in fem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MCM7
DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MCM7'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by the MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. The MCM complex consisting of this protein and MCM2, 4 and 6 proteins possesses DNA helicase activity, and may act as a DNA unwinding enzyme. Cyclin D1-dependent kinase, CDK4, is found to associate with this protein, and may regulate the binding of this protein with the tumor suppressor protein RB1/RB. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. Interactions MCM7 has been shown to interact with: * CDC45-related p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BLK (gene)
Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK, also known as B lymphocyte kinase, is a enzyme, non-receptor tyrosine kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''BLK'' gene. It is of the Src family kinase, Src family of tyrosine kinases. Interactions The tyrosine-protein kinase BLK has been shown to Protein-protein interaction, interact with UBE3A. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Tyrosine kinases {{gene-8-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
