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Ustvymlag
Ustvymlag (russian: Устьвымлаг) was a Gulag labor camp in the Soviet Union, Komi ASSR, with the headquarters in the village of Ust-Vym, later moved to Vozhayol. The full name is Ust-Vym Corrective Labor Camp (russian: Усть-Вымский ИТЛ). It was created from a detachment of Ukhtpechlag (Ухтпечлаг on August 16, 1937. After the dismantling of the Gulag system it remained a corrective labor camp of the Soviet penal system at least until 1958.Система исправительно-трудовых лагерей в СССР, 1923–1960: справочник, compiled by М. Б. Смирнов; editors: Н. Г. Охотин, Arseny Roginsky, Мoscow, 1998. The main industry of the camp was logging and related production. The maximal occupation of 24,245, registered in 1943. In 1942 a labor detachment of Volga Germans "mobilized for labor" was housed in the camp. Since 1945 it also detained prisoners of war. Notable inmates *Lev Razgon * Boris G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dāvids Beika
Dāvids Beika (Russian: Давид Самуилович Бейка; 30 August 1885 — 6 February 1946) was a Latvian Marxist revolutionary and political activist, publicist and Soviet intelligence officer. Biography Beika was born in to a peasant family and worked as a teacher. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903 and the Latvian Social Democratic Party in 1905. He was an active participant in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and after the defeat of the revolution he emigrated to the United States where he became a leading figure of the Latvian Social Democratic Organization in America. Beika returned to Russia after the February Revolution and to Latvia after the October Revolution and became a leader of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic where he was appointed Commissar of Industry. After the fall of the Soviet republic he went back to what was now Soviet Russia and became the head of the economic council of Pskov. He was a member of the Centra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vozhayol
Vozhayol or Vozhael () is a rural settlement in Knyazhpogostsky District of Komi Republic, Russia. Formerly an urban settlement (1942/1944–1991), now it is an administrative unit of the municipality. The Ustvymlag Ustvymlag (russian: Устьвымлаг) was a Gulag labor camp in the Soviet Union, Komi ASSR, with the headquarters in the village of Ust-Vym, later moved to Vozhayol. The full name is Ust-Vym Corrective Labor Camp (russian: Усть-Вымс ..., a forestry gulag that held a maximum of 24,000 prisoners and operated from 1937 until the 1960s, was relocated into Vozhayol. References Rural localities in the Komi Republic Former urban-type settlements of Komi {{KomiRepublic-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gulag
The Gulag, an acronym for , , "chief administration of the camps". The original name given to the system of camps controlled by the GPU was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps (, )., name=, group= was the government agency in charge of the Soviet network of forced labour camps which were set up by order of Vladimir Lenin, reaching its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s. English-language speakers also use the word ''gulag'' in reference to each of the forced-labor camps that existed in the Soviet Union, including the camps that existed in the post-Lenin era. The Gulag is recognized as a major instrument of political repression in the Soviet Union. The camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners, a large number of whom were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas or other instruments of extrajudicial punishment. In 1918–22, the agency was administered by the Cheka, follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volga Germans
The Volga Germans (german: Wolgadeutsche, ), russian: поволжские немцы, povolzhskiye nemtsy) are ethnic Germans who settled and historically lived along the Volga River in the region of southeastern European Russia around Saratov and to the south. Recruited as immigrants to Russia in the 18th century, they were allowed to maintain their German culture, language, traditions and churches (Lutheran, Reformed, Catholics, Moravians and Mennonites). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many Volga Germans emigrated to United States, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. During the Great Purge of 1936 to 1938, the Soviet government began targeting ethnic groups who were part of the intellectual class such as the Volga Germans, who were then subjected to forced deportation and extreme repression, some tens of thousands were also killed during the massacres in Belarus. They were deported eastward, which caused many thousands of deaths. Finally, in 1941, by order of Stalin, all et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thief In Law
A “thief in law” (Russian: вор в зако́не, Georgian: კანონიერი ქურდი), in the Soviet Union, the post-Soviet states, and respective diasporas abroad is a specifically granted formal and special status of "criminal authority" (russian: криминальный авторитет, translit=kriminalny avtoritet), a professional criminal who enjoys an elite position among other notified mobsters within the organized crime and correctional facility environments and employs informal authority over its lower-status members. The phrase "Thieves in Law" (otherwise known as "Vory") is a calque of the Russian slang phrase "вор в зако́не," literally translated as "a Thief in position ofthe law." The phrase has two distrinct meanings in Russian: "A legalized thief" and "A thief who is the Law." Note that "Vor" came to mean 'thief' no earlier then in the 18th century, before which it simply meant "criminal" (and the word retains this meanin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Boss
A crime boss, also known as a crime lord, Don, gang lord, gang boss, mob boss, kingpin, godfather, crime mentor or criminal mastermind, is a person in charge of a criminal organization. Description A crime boss typically has absolute or nearly absolute control over the other members of the organization and is often greatly feared or respected for their cunning, strategy, and/or ruthlessness and willingness to take lives to exert their influence and profits from the criminal endeavors in which the organization engages.Manning, George A. ''Financial Investigation and Forensic Accounting.'' Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2005. Some groups may only have as little as two ranks (a crime boss and their soldiers). Other groups have a more complex, structured organization with many ranks, and structure may vary with cultural background. Organized crime enterprises originating in Sicily differ in structure from those in mainland Italy. American groups may be structured differently from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union. Established in 1917 as NKVD of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the agency was originally tasked with conducting regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. It was disbanded in 1930, with its functions being dispersed among other agencies, only to be reinstated as an all-union commissariat in 1934. The functions of the OGPU (the secret police organization) were transferred to the NKVD around the year 1930, giving it a monopoly over law enforcement activities that lasted until the end of World War II. During this period, the NKVD included both ordinary public order activities, and secret police activities. The NKVD is known for its role in political repression and for carrying out the Great ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pravda
''Pravda'' ( rus, Правда, p=ˈpravdə, a=Ru-правда.ogg, "Truth") is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the country with a newspaper circulation, circulation of 11 million. The newspaper began publication on 5 May 1912 in the Russian Empire, but was already extant abroad in January 1911. It emerged as a leading newspaper of the Soviet Union after the October Revolution. The newspaper was an organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Committee of the CPSU between 1912 and 1991. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union ''Pravda'' was sold off by President of Russia, Russian President Boris Yeltsin to a Greek business family in 1996, and the paper came under the control of their private company Pravda International. In 1996, there was an internal dispute between the owners of Pravda International and some of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boris Gusman
Boris Yevseyevich Gusman (1892–1944) was a Soviet author, screenplay writer, theater director, and columnist for ''Pravda''. As deputy director for the Bolshoi Theatre and later director of the Soviet Radio Committee Arts Division, Gusman played an important role in promoting Sergei Prokofiev's music in the USSR and internationally. Gusman was arrested during the Great Purges of the late 1930s, and died in a labor camp in 1944. His son Israel Borisovich Gusman would later become a prominent musical conductor. Life ''Pravda'' and art criticism As a young man Gusman was a violinist and played for the St. Petersburg Symphony Orchestra of the Sheremetev family. Prior to the Russian Revolution and during the First World War, Gusman associated with intellectuals and critics around the ''Enchanted Wanderer'' magazine, including Dimitri Kruchkov and Victor Khovin, both members of the Ego-Futurist movement. In 1917 he moved to Nizhny Novgorod to marry the daughter of a merchant, who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lev Razgon
Lev Emmanuilovich Razgon (russian: Лев Эммануи́лович Разго́н; 1 April 1908 – 8 September 1999) was a Soviet journalist, a prisoner of the Gulag from 1938 to 1942 and again from 1950 to 1955, a Russian writer and, latterly, a human rights activist. Razgon was born in Belorussia to the family of Mendel Abramovich Razgon and Glika Izrailevna Shapiro. In the 1920s they moved to Moscow and in 1932, he graduated from the history faculty of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. His career before his arrest in 1938 was in great measure due to his marrying into the new Soviet elite and, in particular, two men: his wife Oksana's father Gleb Boky, a high-ranking NKVD officer, and her step-father Ivan Moskvin (politician), a leading figure in the Central Committee. Later in life, Razgon fell into the category of Gulag detainees who rejoined the Communist Party after their release. He did not resign from the Party until 1988. Life before arrest After moving to Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NKVD Labor Columns
In the Soviet Union of World War II, NKVD labor columns (russian: рабочие колонны НКВД) were militarized labor formations created from certain categories of population, both fully rightful Soviet citizens, as well as categories of limited civil rights. They were primarily from the people of ethnicities associated with the countries that fought against the Soviet Union. The vast majority of them were ethnic Germans.G.A. Goncharov"Labor Columns in Urals during the Great Patriotic War: Formation and Deployment" Вестник ОГУ (''Vestnik OGU'', Notices of the Orenburg State University), 2006, no. 9, part 1, pp. 138–142 (retrieved September 1, 2014) from "Народная книга па ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labor Camp
A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons (especially prison farms). Conditions at labor camps vary widely depending on the operators. Convention no. 105 of the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO), adopted internationally on 27 June 1957, abolished camps of forced labor. In the 20th century, a new category of labor camps developed for the imprisonment of millions of people who were not criminals ''per se'', but political opponents (real or imagined) and various so-called undesirables under communist and fascist regimes. Some of those camps were dubbed "reeducation facilities" for political coercion, but most others served as backbones of industry and agriculture for the benefit of the state, especially in times of war. Precursors Early-modern states could exploit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
