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Upper Oka Principalities
In Russian historiography the term Upper Oka Principalities (russian: Верховские княжества - literally: "Upper Principalities") traditionally applies to about a dozen tiny and ephemeral polities situated along the upper course of the Oka River at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. Nowadays, the areas concerned lie within the bounds of the Tula Oblast and Kaluga Oblast of Russia. Following the Mongol invasion of Russia of 1223-1240, the formerly mighty Principality of Chernigov gradually degenerated to a point where the descendants of Mikhail of Chernigov (c. 1185 – 1246) ruled dozens of quasi-sovereign entities. As the principalities were wedged in between the ever-expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the west and the nascent Grand Duchy of Muscovy to the north, their rulers were constricted to continually fluctuate between these two major powers as buffer states. By the end of the 14th century, they were obliged to pay annual tribute to Lithuania. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Historiography
This list of Russian historians includes the famous historians, as well as archaeologists, paleographers, genealogists and other representatives of auxiliary historical disciplines from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia. Alphabetical list __NOTOC__ A * Friedrich von Adelung (1768-1843), historian and museologist, researched the European accounts of the Time of Troubles * Valery Alekseyev (1929-1991), anthropologist, proposed ''Homo rudolfensis'' * Mikhail Artamonov (1898-1972), historian and archaeologist, founder of modern Khazar studies, excavated a great number of Scythian and Khazar kurgans and settlements, including the fortress of Sarkel *Artemiy Artsikhovsky (1902-1978), archaeologist, discoverer of birch bark documents in Novgorod B *Vasily Bartold (1869-1930), turkologist, the ''"Gibbon of Turkestan"'', an archaeologist of Samarcand *Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1829-1897), 19th-century historian and pale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oprichnina
The oprichnina (russian: опри́чнина, ) was a state policy implemented by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Russia between 1565 and 1572. The policy included mass repression of the boyars (Russian aristocrats), including public executions and confiscation of their land and property. In this context it can also refer to: *The notorious organization of six thousand Oprichniki, the first political police in the history of Russia. *The portion of Russia, ruled directly by Ivan the Terrible, where his Oprichniki operated. *The corresponding period of Russian history. The term ''oprichnina'', which Ivan coined for this policy, derives from the Russian word ''oprich'' (russian: опричь, ''apart from'', ''except''). Causes In 1558, Tsar Ivan IV started the Livonian War. A broad coalition, which included Poland, Lithuania and Sweden, became drawn into the war against Russia. The war became drawn-out (it continued until 1583) and expensive; raids by Crimean Tatars, Polish and Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peremyshl, Russia
Peremyshl (russian: Перемы́шль) is a rural locality (a '' selo'') and the administrative center of Peremyshlsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It has a population of . Formerly a capital of one of the Upper Oka Principalities, Peremyshl contains the ruins of a mid-16th century cathedral which collapsed in the 1980s from neglect. Descendants of the local rulers include the Vorotynsky and Gorchakov Gorchakov, or Gortchakoff (russian: Горчако́в), is a Russian princely family of Rurikid stock that is descended from the Rurikid sovereigns of Peremyshl, Russia. Aleksey Gorchakov The family first achieved prominence during the reign of ... families. References External links * {{Authority control Rural localities in Kaluga Oblast Peremyshlsky Uyezd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kozelsk
Kozelsk (russian: Козе́льск) is a town and the administrative center of Kozelsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Zhizdra River (Oka's tributary), southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: History It was first mentioned in an 1146 chronicle as a part of Principality of Chernigov. Kozelsk became famous in the spring of 1238, when its twelve-year-old prince Vasily, son of Titus, had to defend the town against the army of Batu Khan. The latter dubbed it an "evil town" because its citizens had been fighting the attackers for seven weeks in a row, killing around four thousand enemy soldiers during the siege. The citizens of Kozelsk were greatly outnumbered and almost all of them died in battle. In 1446, Kozelsk was temporarily under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1494, the town was finally annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1607, one of Ivan Bolotnikov's units was located in Kozelsk and showed resistance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karachev
Karachev (russian: Карачев) is an ancient town and the administrative center of Karachevsky District in Bryansk Oblast, Russia. Population: History First chronicled in 1146, it was the capital of one of the Upper Oka Principalities in the Middle Ages, until its rulers moved their seat to Peremyshl. Karachev was part of Oryol Governorate from 1796 to 1920. Its old architecture was heavily damaged during World War II. Karachev was occupied by the German Army from 6 October 1941 to 15 August 1943. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Karachev serves as the administrative center of Karachevsky District.Law #13-Z As an administrative division, it is, together with thirty-one rural localities, incorporated within Karachevsky District as Karachevsky Urban Administrative Okrug.Law #69-Z As a municipal division, Karachevsky Urban Administrative Okrug is incorporated within Karachevsky Municipal District as Karachevskoye Urban ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosalsky (family) or Mosalsky, Polish-Lithuanian princely family
{{Disambiguation, geo ...
Mosalsky (masculine), Mosalskaya (feminine), or Mosalskoye (neuter) may refer to: *Mosalsky District, a district of Kaluga Oblast, Russia * Mosalsky (rural locality) (''Mosalskaya'', ''Mosalskoye''), name of several rural localities in Russia *Massalski family 200px, Coat of Arms of the Massalski family The House of Massalski (Plural: Massalscy, feminine form: Massalska), sometimes Masalski , Massalsky or Mosalsky, is a Polish-Lithuanian, Russian-Lithuanian princely family of Ruthenian origin from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosalsk
Mosalsk (russian: Моса́льск) is a town and the administrative center of Mosalsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located west of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: History First attested in 1231 as Masalsk (), it became the center of one of the Upper Oka Principalities in the 14th century. After Ivan III annexed the principality to the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1493, local princes emigrated either to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (where they became known as Princes Massalski) or to Moscow (where they were known as Princes Koltsov-Mosalsky). Mosalsk was granted town status within Kaluga Governorate in 1776. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Mosalsk serves as the administrative center of Mosalsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Mosalsk is incorporated within Mosalsky Municipal District as Mosalsk Urban Settlement.Law #7-OZ Architect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vorotynsky
Vorotynsky was one of the most eminent Rurikid princely houses of Muscovite Russia. Their lands lay principally in the Upper Oka region and comprised the towns of Peremyshl and Vorotynsk as well as parts (дольницы) of Novosil and Odoyev. Between Russia and Lithuania Originally lords of Vorotynsk, a tiny Upper Oka principality, these princes entered the service of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the mid-15th century, when Prince Fyodor Romanovich was betrothed to Algirdas' granddaughter. Their grandson, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky, defected to the Grand Duchy of Moscow and helped Vasily III besiege and take Smolensk. He was a singularly successful commander, routing the Crimean Tatars in the Ukraine in 1508 and again in 1517 near Tula. Aiming at advantage against his young rival Prince Belsky, Ivan did nothing to help him when the Tatars routed Belsky's army four years later. On this event, Vorotynsky fell into disgrace until 1525, when he solemnly promised to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_01_by_shakko.JPG "Click for more on -> Vorotynsky")