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Unified Social Credit Identifier
A Unified Social Credit Identifier is issued to registered companies and other types of organization by the Chinese government. It is "unified" in the sense that it is used both as the business registration number with the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) and as the taxpayer identifier with the State Taxation Administration (STA). These identifiers are now used widely as the only organization id within and outside of the government. An identifier must be obtained before one can operate a business in China. History Previously, business owners in China had to obtain a business permit with a unique id from the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC), a taxpayer identifier from the STA, and an organization code from Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) until the reforms in 2015 introduced the USCC. SAIC and AQSIQ were merged into the newly founded SAMR following an organizational reform by the State Council in 2018. Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Administration For Market Regulation
The State Administration for Market Supervision (SAMR) (), is the ministerial-level agency directly under the State Council of the People's Republic of China The State Council, constitutionally synonymous with the Central People's Government since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments), is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the p ... in charge of regulating areas such as competition law, market competition, monopoly, monopolies, intellectual property, and drug safety. It is mainly responsible for the comprehensive market supervision and management, unifying the registration of market entities and establishing information disclosure and sharing mechanisms; organizing the comprehensive law enforcement of market supervision, undertaking unified anti-monopoly law enforcement, regulating and maintaining market order; organizing the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the country by quality, and is re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Taxation Administration
The State Taxation Administration (STA, Chinese: 国家税务总局) is a ministerial-level department within the government of the People's Republic of China. It is under the direction of the State Council, and is responsible for the collection of taxes and enforces the state revenue laws. Previously known as State Administration of Taxation. Mandates *Drafting tax laws and regulations; formulating detailed implementation rules for tax laws and regulations; putting forward suggestions on tax policies, and together with the Ministry of Finance, reviewing the suggestions and submitting them to the State Council; formulating implementation rules for tax policies. *Measuring the overall tax burden and putting forward suggestions on how to use tax for regulation purpose; formulating tax rules and procedures and supervising their implementation; providing guidance for local tax collection and administration. *Organizing collection and administration for central taxes, shared taxes and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Administration For Industry And Commerce
Prior to March 2018, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC; ) was the authority in the People's Republic of China responsible for advancing legislation concerning the administration of industry and commerce in the People's Republic. On a local level, the organizations responsibilities roughly mimicked those of the secretaries of individual states in the United States as a registration and licensing authority. The last minister was Zhang Mao (). As part of China's 2018 government administration overhaul, the SAIC was merged into the newly created State Administration for Market Regulation. Administration The agency was organized into the following divisions: *General Office *Department of Law *Antimonopoly and Anti-unfair Competition Enforcement Bureau *Direct Selling Regulation Bureau *Consumer Protection Bureau *Department of Market Regulation *Regulation Department for Market Circulation of Food *Enterprise Registration Bureau *Bureau for Registration of Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Administration Of Quality Supervision, Inspection And Quarantine
The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China ( zh, 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, abbreviated AQSIQ) was a ministerial-level department under the State Council of the People's Republic of China that is in charge of national quality, metrology, entry-exit commodity inspection, entry-exit health quarantine, entry-exit animal and plant quarantine, import-export food safety, certification and accreditation, standardization, as well as administrative law enforcement. AQSIQ directly administers provincial Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureaus and Bureaus of Quality and Technical Supervision. For example, the Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau is responsible for collecting health declaration forms, and used thermal imaging to spot passengers with fever due to the 2009 flu pandemic prior to July 16, 2009. In 2018, the AQSIQ was merged with the newly created State Admini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Administrative Divisions Of The People's Republic Of China
The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times, due to China's large population and geographical area. The constitution of China provides for three levels of government. However in practice, there are five levels of local government; the provincial (province, autonomous region, municipality, and special administrative region), prefecture, county, township, and village. Since the 17th century, provincial boundaries in China have remained largely static. Major changes since then have been the reorganisation of provinces in the northeast after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the formation of autonomous regions, based on Soviet ethnic policies. The provinces serve an important cultural role in China, as people tend to identify with their native province. Levels The Constitution of China provides for three levels: the provincial, the county level, and the township level. However, in practice, there are four levels ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Cities In The People's Republic Of China
According to the administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China there are three levels of cities, namely provincial-level (consists of municipalities ), prefecture-level cities, and county-level cities. As of June 2020 the PRC has a total of 687 cities: 4 municipalities, 2 SARs, 293 prefectural-level cities (including the 15 sub-provincial cities) and 388 county-level cities (including the 38 sub-prefectural cities and 10 XXPC cities). This list does not include any cities in the disputed Taiwan Province and portions of Fujian Province (see the List of cities in Taiwan), as these are controlled by the Republic of China and claimed by the PRC under the One-China policy. Four cities are centrally administered municipalities, which include dense urban areas, suburbs, and large rural areas: Chongqing (28.84 million), Shanghai (23.01 million), Beijing (19.61 million), and Tianjin (12.93 million). According to 2017 research from the Demographia research group, there ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banner (Inner Mongolia)
A banner (, as "khoshun" in Mongolian) is an administrative division of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, equivalent to a county-level administrative division. Banners were first used during the Qing dynasty, which organized the Mongols into banners except those who belonged to the Eight Banners. Each banner had sums as nominal subdivisions. In Inner Mongolia, several banners made up a league. In the rest, including Outer Mongolia, northern Xinjiang and Qinghai, Aimag (Аймаг) was the largest administrative division. While it restricted the Mongols from crossing banner borders, the dynasty protected Mongolia from population pressure from China proper. After the Mongolian People's Revolution, the banners of Outer Mongolia were abolished in 1923. There were 49 banners and 24 tribes in Inner Mongolia during the Republic of China. Today, banners are a county-level division in the Chinese administrative hierarchy. There are 52 banners in total, include 3 a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
District (PRC)
The term ''district'', in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In the modern context, district (), formally city-governed district, city-controlled district, or municipal district (), are subdivisions of a municipality or a prefecture-level city. The rank of a district derives from the rank of its city. Districts of a municipality are prefecture-level; districts of a sub-provincial city are sub-prefecture-level; and districts of a prefecture-level city are county-level. The term was also formerly used to refer to obsolete county-controlled districts (also known as district public office). However, if the word ''district'' is encountered in the context of ancient Chinese history, then it is a translation for ''xian'', another type of administrative division in China. Before the 1980s, cities in China were administrative divisions containing mostly urban, built-up areas, with very little farmland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Checksum
A checksum is a small-sized block of data derived from another block of digital data for the purpose of detecting errors that may have been introduced during its transmission or storage. By themselves, checksums are often used to verify data integrity but are not relied upon to verify data authenticity. The procedure which generates this checksum is called a checksum function or checksum algorithm. Depending on its design goals, a good checksum algorithm usually outputs a significantly different value, even for small changes made to the input. This is especially true of cryptographic hash functions, which may be used to detect many data corruption errors and verify overall data integrity; if the computed checksum for the current data input matches the stored value of a previously computed checksum, there is a very high probability the data has not been accidentally altered or corrupted. Checksum functions are related to hash functions, fingerprints, randomization functions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO/IEC 7064
ISO/IEC 7064 is a standard promulgated by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) that defines algorithms for calculating check digit characters. The checks should be applicable to alphanumeric strings and should be able to detect all single substitution errors, all or nearly all single local transposition errors, all or nearly all circular shift errors, a high proportion of double substitution errors, a high proportion of all other errors. Standards * Status: Published - ISO/IEC 7064:2003 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Check character systems * Status: Withdrawn - ISO 7064:1983 Data processing -- Check character systems Usage It is referred to by other ISO standards: * International Bank Account Number (IBAN) * International Standard Text Code (ISTC) * International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) * Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) and by other systems: * Personal identification number (Croatia) * Resi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modulus (algebraic Number Theory)
In mathematics, in the field of algebraic number theory, a modulus (plural moduli) (or cycle, or extended ideal) is a formal product of places of a global field (i.e. an algebraic number field or a global function field). It is used to encode ramification data for abelian extensions of a global field. Definition Let ''K'' be a global field with ring of integers ''R''. A modulus is a formal product :\mathbf = \prod_ \mathbf^,\,\,\nu(\mathbf)\geq0 where p runs over all places of ''K'', finite or infinite, the exponents ν(p) are zero except for finitely many p. If ''K'' is a number field, ν(p) = 0 or 1 for real places and ν(p) = 0 for complex places. If ''K'' is a function field, ν(p) = 0 for all infinite places. In the function field case, a modulus is the same thing as an effective divisor, and in the number field case, a modulus can be considered as special form of Arakelov divisor. The notion of congruence can be extended to the setting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxation In China
Taxes provide the most important revenue source for the Government of the People's Republic of China. Tax is a key component of macro-economic policy, and greatly affects China's economic and social development. With the changes made since the 1994 tax reform, China has sought to set up a streamlined tax system geared to a socialist market economy. China's tax revenue came to 11.05 trillion yuan (1.8 trillion U.S. dollars) in 2013, up 9.8 per cent over 2012. Tax revenue in 2015 was 12,488.9 billion yuan. In 2016, tax revenue was 13,035.4 billion yuan. Tax revenue in 2017 was 14,436 billion yuan. In 2018, tax revenue was 15,640.1 billion yuan, an increase of 1204.1 billion yuan over the previous year. Tax revenue in 2019 was 15799.2 billion yuan. In 2020 and 2021, the total tax revenues were respectively 15431 billion and 17273.1 billion Chinese yuan. The 2017 World Bank " Doing Business" rankings estimated that China's total tax rate for corporations was 68% as a percentage of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
