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Umm Walad
An ''umm walad'' ( ar, أم ولد, , lit=mother of the child) was the title given to a slave-concubine in the Muslim world after she had born her master a child. She could not be sold, and became automatically free on her master's death. The offspring of an ''umm walad'' were free and considered legitimate children of their father, including full rights of name and inheritance. The practice was a common way for slave girls endowed with beauty and intelligence to advance in the court, especially if they gave birth to sons; under the Caliphates, quite a few of them were raised in rank to queen. Few of them had been fortunate enough to be valide sultan (mother of the king). Unacknowledged slave mother If an unmarried slave bore a child and the slave owner did not acknowledge parenthood, then the slave had to face zina charges.FREE FATHERS, SLAVE MOTHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF FAMILY STRUCTURES IN AL-ANDALUS Cristinadela Puente; Imago TemporIs. medIum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concubine
Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship between a man and a woman in which the couple does not want, or cannot enter into a full marriage. Concubinage and marriage are often regarded as similar but mutually exclusive. Concubinage was a formal and institutionalized practice in China until the 20th century that upheld concubines' rights and obligations. A concubine could be freeborn or of slave origin, and their experience could vary tremendously according to their masters' whim. During the Mongol conquests, both foreign royals and captured women were taken as concubines. Concubinage was also common in Meiji Japan as a status symbol, and in Indian society, where the intermingling of castes and religions was frowned upon and a taboo, and concubinage could be practiced with women with whom marriage was considered undesirable, such as those from a lower caste and Muslim women who wouldn't be accepted in a Hindu household and Hindu women who wouldn't be accepted in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world ( ummah). Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies such as the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) and Ayyubid Caliphate, have claimed to be caliphates. The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was establi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valide Sultan
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Zina
''Zināʾ'' () or ''zinā'' ( or ) is an Islamic legal term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse. According to traditional jurisprudence, ''zina'' can include adultery, fornication, prostitution, rape, sodomy, incest, and bestiality. ''Zina'' must be proved by testimony of four Muslim eyewitnesses to the actual act of penetration, or a confession repeated four times and not retracted later. The offenders must have acted of their own free will. Rapists could be prosecuted under different legal categories which used normal evidentiary rules.A. Quraishi (1999), Her honour: an Islamic critique of the rape provisions in Pakistan's ordinance on ''zina'', ''Islamic studies'', Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 403–431 Making an accusation of ''zina'' without presenting the required eyewitnesses is called ''qadhf'' (), which is itself a ''hudud'' offense. There are very few recorded examples of the stoning penalty for ''zinā'' being implemented legally. Prior to legal reforms introduced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Sexual Jurisprudence
Views and laws about sexuality in Islam are largely predicated on the Quran, the sayings of Muhammad (''hadith'') and the rulings of religious leaders (''fatwa'') confining sexual activity to marital relationships between men and women. Islamic scholarly perspectives and rulings on sexuality are codified as either sexual jurisprudence ( ar, الفقه الجنسي) or marital jurisprudence ( ar, فقه النكاح), which both in turn also contain components of Islamic family jurisprudence, Islamic marital jurisprudence, Islamic hygienical jurisprudence, hygienical and Islamic criminal jurisprudence, criminal jurisprudence. While most traditions discourage celibacy in Islam, celibacy, all encourage strict chastity, modesty and privacy with regard to any relationships between genders, holding forth that their intimate relationship, intimacy as perceived within Islam is largely reserved for marriage. This sensitivity to gender difference, gender seclusion and haya (Islam), modesty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Views On Slavery
Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought,Brockopp, Jonathan E., “Slaves and Slavery”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. with various Islamic groups or thinkers espousing views on the matter which have been radically different throughout history.Lewis 1994 Slavery was a mainstay of life in pre-Islamic Arabia and surrounding lands. The Quran and the ''hadith'' (sayings of Muhammad) address slavery extensively, assuming its existence as part of society but viewing it as an exceptional condition and restricting its scope.Brunschvig. 'Abd; ''Encyclopedia of Islam'' Early Islamic dogma forbade enslavement of free members of Islamic society, including non-Muslims (''dhimmis''), and set out to regulate and improve the conditions of human bondage. Islamic law regarded as legal slaves only those non-Muslims who were imprisoned or bought beyond the borders of Islami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ma Malakat Aymanukum
Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought,Brockopp, Jonathan E., “Slaves and Slavery”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. with various Islamic groups or thinkers espousing views on the matter which have been radically different throughout history.Lewis 1994 Slavery was a mainstay of life in pre-Islamic Arabia and surrounding lands. The Quran and the ''hadith'' (sayings of Muhammad) address slavery extensively, assuming its existence as part of society but viewing it as an exceptional condition and restricting its scope.Brunschvig. 'Abd; ''Encyclopedia of Islam'' Early Islamic dogma forbade enslavement of free members of Islamic society, including non-Muslims (''dhimmis''), and set out to regulate and improve the conditions of human bondage. Islamic law regarded as legal slaves only those non-Muslims who were imprisoned or bought beyond the borders of Islami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mawla
Mawlā ( ar, مَوْلَى, plural ''mawālī'' ()), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.A.J. Wensinck, Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed, Brill. "Mawlā", vol. 6, p. 874. Before the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the term originally applied to any form of tribal association. In the Quran and hadiths it is used in a number of senses, including 'Lord', 'guardian', 'trustee', and 'helper'. After Muhammad's death, this institution was adapted by the Umayyad dynasty to incorporate new converts to Islam into Arab-Muslim society and the word ''mawali'' gained currency as an appellation for converted non-Arab Muslims in the early Islamic caliphates. Etymology The word ''mawla'' is derived from the root ''w-l-y'' , meaning "to be close to", "to be friends with", or "to have power over". ''Mawla'' can have reciprocal meanings, depending on whether it is used in the active or passive voice: "master" or "slave/freedman", "patron" or "client ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mukataba
In Islamic law, a ''mukataba''مكاتبة is a contract of manumission between a master and a slave according to which the slave is required to pay a certain sum of money during a specific time period in exchange for freedom. In the legal literature, slaves who enter this contract are known as ''mukatab''.Brunschvig, Encyclopedia of Islam, ''Abd'' The Ẓāhirī school of Islamic jurisprudence view it to be compulsory,Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al-Muqtasid, Ibn Rushd, volume 2, page 45Excerpt from 'Discover the Truth'/ref> while the Shafa'is, Malikis and Hanafis perceive it to be merely recommended, and ''mustahabb'' (praiseworthy) to do so.Gordon 41 Mukataba is one of the four procedures provided in Islam for manumission of slaves. Scriptural References Qur'an The institution of ''mukataba'' is based on Qur'an: A slave identified as Subay referred to his master, Sayyidina Huwaytib bin Abdul Izza, for Kitaba, or a letter of manumission, and was promptly refused. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qiyan
''Qiyān'' ( ar, قِيان, ; singular ''qayna'', ar, قَينة, ) were a social class of women, trained as entertainers, which existed in the pre-modern Islamic world. The term has been used for both non-free women and free, including some of which came from the nobility. It has been suggested that "the ''geisha'' of Japan are perhaps the most comparable form of socially institutionalized female companionship and entertainment for male patrons, although, of course, the differences are also myriad". Historically, the ''qiyān'' flourished under the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, and in Al-Andalus. Terminology ''Qiyān'' is often rendered in English as 'singing girls' or 'singing slave girls', but these translations do not reflect the fact that ''qiyān'' might be of any age, and were skilled entertainers whose training extended well beyond singing, including for example dancing, composing music and verse, reciting historical or literary anecdotes (''akhbar''), cal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hatun
Hatun or Khatun ( otk, 𐰴𐰍𐰣, Katun, ota, خاتون, Hatun or قادین ''Kadın'', uz, xotin, fa, خاتون ''khātūn''; Mongolian: , ''khatun'', хатан ''khatan''; ur, خاتون, hi, ख़ातून '; bn, খাতুন; Sylheti: ; tr, hatun; az, xatun; pa, ਖਾਤੂਨ , ) is a female title of nobility and counterpart to " khan" or " Khagan" prominently used in the Turkic Khaganates and in the subsequent Mongol Empire. Honorific In the Ottoman period, the term ''hatun'' was used as an honorific for women, roughly equivalent to the English term '' lady'' and a variant spelling of ''khatun''. Like most Turkish honorifics, it is used after the first name. Women traditionally addressed as ''hatun'' include: * Börte, wife of Genghis Khan * Buluqhan Khatun, wife of Abaqa Khan * Bulugan, wife of Temur Khan * Chabi, wife of Kublai Khan * Despina Khatun * Doquz Khatun, wife of Hulagu Khan * Erketü Qatun, wife of Altan Khan * Mandukhai Khatun, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Concubinage In The Muslim World
The history of concubinage in the Muslim world encompassed the practice of a men living with a woman without marriage, where the woman was a slave, though sometimes free. If the concubine gave birth to a child, she attained a higher status known as Umm walad. The sexual exploitation of slaves by their owners was a common practice in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean societies, and had persisted among the three Abrahamic religions, with distinct legal differences, since antiquity. Islamic law has traditionalist and modern interpretations: the former allowed men to have sexual relations with their female slaves, while most modern Muslims do not consider slave concubinage to be acceptable in the modern world. Concubinage was widely practiced by the Umayyads, Abbasids, Mamluks, Ottomans, Timurids and Mughals. The practice declined with the abolition of slavery. Characteristics Classifications of concubinage often define practices in Islamic societies as a distinct va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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