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Turned H
Turned H (uppercase: Ɥ, lowercase: ɥ) is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet, based on a turned form of H. It is used in the Dan language in Liberia. Its lowercase form is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent the voiced labial–palatal approximant. It was also historically used in the Abaza language, Abaza, Abkhaz language, Abkhaz, and the Vassali Maltese alphabet. Usage An early usage of turned h appeared in Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet where it represented Open-mid back unrounded vowel, [ʌ]. During Latinisation in the Soviet Union, Latinisation, the letter would appear in the Abaza language, Abaza Latin alphabet of 1932 where it denoted the sound [t͡ɕ], and in the Abkhaz language, Abkhaz Latin alphabet of 1924 where it denoted the sound [t͡ʃʰ]. The letter also appeared in the Vassalli Maltese alphabet, and the Metelko alphabet for Slovene language, Slovene, where it stood for the sound [t͡ʃ]. In the Metelko alphabet, Maltese, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic transcription, phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of speech sounds in written form.International Phonetic Association (IPA), ''Handbook''. The IPA is used by lexicography, lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguistics, linguists, speech–language pathology, speech–language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators. The IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of wiktionary:lexical, lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic) sounds in oral language: phone (phonetics), phones, phonemes, Intonation (linguistics), intonation, and the separation of words and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech—such as tooth wiktionary:gnash, gnashing, lisping, and sounds made wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maltese Alphabet
The Maltese alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with the addition of some letters with diacritic marks and digraphs. It is used to write the Maltese language, which evolved from the otherwise extinct Siculo-Arabic dialect, as a result of 800 years independent development. It contains 30 letters: 24 consonants and 6 vowels (a, e, i, o, u, ie). There are two types of Maltese consonants: * Konsonanti xemxin ( sun consonants): ċ d n r s t x ż z * Konsonanti qamrin ( moon consonants): b f ġ g għ h ħ j k l m p q v w Samples In the alphabetic sequence ''c'' is identical either to ''k'' (in front of ''a'', ''o'', ''u'' or consonant or as the last letter of the word) or to ''z'' (in front of ''e'' or ''i''). The letter ''y'' is identical to 'i'. Older versions of the alphabet Before the standardisation of the Maltese alphabet, there were several ways of writing the sounds peculiar to Maltese, namely , , , , , , and . was formerly written as (in front of and , in Ital ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unifon
Unifon is a Latin script, Latin-based phonemic orthography for American English designed in the mid-1950s by Dr. John R. Malone, a Chicago economist and newspaper equipment consultant. It was developed into a teaching aid to help children acquire reading and writing skills. Like the pronunciation respelling for English, pronunciation key in a dictionary, Unifon attempts to match each of the sounds of spoken English with a single symbol, though not all sounds are distinguished, for example, reduced vowels in other American dialects that don't occur in Chicago. The method was tested in Chicago, Indianapolis and elsewhere during the 1960s and 1970s, but no statistical analysis of the outcome was ever published in an academic journal. Interest by educators has been limited, but a community of enthusiasts continues to publicize the scheme and advocate for its adoption. Alphabet The Unifon alphabet contains 40 glyphs, intended to represent the 40 "most important sounds" of the Engl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Che (Cyrillic)
Che, Cha or Chu (Ч ч; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate , like in "switch" or in "choice". In English, it is romanized most often as but sometimes as , like in French. In German, it can be transcribed as . In linguistics, it is transcribed as so "Tchaikovsky" (Чайковский in Russian) may be transcribed as ''Chaykovskiy'' or ''Čajkovskij''. History The name of Che in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (''črĭvĭ''), meaning "worm". In the Cyrillic numeral system, Che had a value of 90. Usage Slavic languages In all Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet, except Russian, Che represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate . In Russian, Che usually represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate , like the Mandarin pronunciation of j in pinyin. However, in a few words, it is pronounced as , like in russian: лучше. In Russian, in a few words, it represents (like Englis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slovene Language
Slovene ( or ), or alternatively Slovenian (; or ), is a South Slavic languages, South Slavic language, a sub-branch that is part of the Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. It is spoken by about 2.5 million speakers worldwide (excluding speakers of Kajkavian), mainly ethnic Slovenes, the majority of whom live in Slovenia, where it is the sole official language. As Slovenia is part of the European Union, Slovene is also one of its 24 Languages of the European Union, official and working languages. Standard Slovene Standard Slovene is the national standard language that was formed in the 18th and 19th century, based on Upper Carniolan dialect group, Upper and Lower Carniolan dialect groups, more specifically on language of Ljubljana and its adjacent areas. The Lower Carniolan dialect group was the dialect used in the 16th century by Primož Trubar for his writings, while he also used Slovene as spoken in Lju ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metelko Alphabet
The Metelko alphabet ( sl, metelčica) was a Slovene writing system developed by Franc Serafin Metelko. It was used by a small group of authors from 1825 to 1833 but it was never generally accepted. Metelko introduced his alphabet in the book (Textbook of the Slovene Language of Kingdom of Illyria and Neighboring Provinces, 1825). He invented his alphabet in order to replace the formerly used Bohorič alphabet ( sl, bohoričica, link=no), which was considered problematic in certain situations. Metelko was influenced by the ideas of Jernej Kopitar, a well-known linguist who also participated in the development of the modern Serbian alphabet (created by Vuk Karadžić, following Kopitar's ideas). Metelko's alphabet has 32 letters in the following order: Special letters are explained in the following table (other letters have the same meaning as in modern Slovene): Metelko wanted to solve the problem of the formerly used digraphs ZH (for ) and SH (for and ) by replac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latinisation In The Soviet Union
In the USSR, latinisation or latinization (russian: латиниза́ция, ') was the name of the campaign during the 1920s–1930s which aimed to replace traditional writing systems for all languages of the Soviet Union with systems that would use the Latin script or to create Latin-script-based systems for languages that, at the time, did not have a writing system. History Background Since at least 1700, some Russian intellectuals have sought to Latinise the Russian language in their desire for close relations with the West. The early 20th-century Bolsheviks had four goals: to break with Tsarism, to spread socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ... to the whole world, to isolate the Muslim inhabitants of the Soviet Union from the Arabic–Islamic wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open-mid Back Unrounded Vowel
The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital without the crossbar), even though some vendors display it as a real turned v. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a "wedge", "caret" or "hat". In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions for Danish, it is used for the (somewhat mid-centralized) open back rounded vowel. Features Occurrence Before World War II, the of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel , which has since shifted forward towards (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel between his central and back ; however ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benjamin Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet
Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet was Benjamin Franklin's proposal for a spelling reform of the English language. The alphabet was based on the Latin alphabet used in English. The alphabet Franklin modified the standard English alphabet by omitting the letters c, j, q, w, x, and y, and adding new letters to explicitly represent the open-mid back rounded and unrounded vowels, and the consonants and It was one of the earlier proposed spelling reforms to the English language. The alphabet consisted of 26 letters in the following order: Other English phonemes are represented as follows: * is represented as ''hu'' (as in ''huɥi'' for ''why''). * is represented as ''ɥi'' (as in ''ɥiz'' for ''eyes''). * is represented ''cɩu'' (as in ''hcɩus'' for ''house''). * is represented ''dի'' (as in ''edի'' for ''age''). *, at the time more probably , is represented as ''ee'' or ''e'' (as in ''leet'' for ''late'' or ''kes'' for ''case''). * is represented as ''eer'' (as in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abkhaz Language
Abkhaz ( ; ), sometimes spelled Abxaz and also known as Abkhazian, is a Northwest Caucasian language most closely related to Abaza. It is spoken mostly by the Abkhaz people. It is one of the official languages of Abkhazia, where around 100,000 people speak it. Furthermore, it is spoken by thousands of members of the Abkhazian diaspora in Turkey, Georgia's autonomous republic of Adjara, Syria, Jordan, and several Western countries. 27 October is the day of the Abkhazian language in Georgia. Classification Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language and is thus related to Adyghe. The language of Abkhaz is especially close to Abaza, and they are sometimes considered dialects of the same language,''B. G. Hewitt Abkhaz 1979;'' page 1. Abazgi, of which the literary dialects of Abkhaz and Abaza are simply two ends of a dialect continuum. Grammatically, the two are very similar; however, the differences in phonology are substantial, it also contains elements characteristic of Kabar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin Script
The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy ( Magna Grecia). It was adopted by the Etruscans and subsequently by the Romans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet. The Latin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet, and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system and is the most widely adopted writing system in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing for most Western and Central, and some Eastern, European languages as well as many languages in other parts of the world. Name The script is either called Latin script ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abaza Language
Abaza (, ; ady, абазэбзэ) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by Abazins in Russia and many of the exiled communities in Turkey. The language has gone through several different orthographies based primarily on Arabic, Roman, and Cyrillic letters. Its consonant to vowel ratio is remarkably high; making it quite similar to many other languages from the same parent chain. The language evolved in popularity in the mid to late 1800s, but has become an endangered language. Abaza is spoken by approximately 35,000 people in Russia, where it is written in a Cyrillic alphabet, as well as another 10,000 in Turkey, where the Latin script is used. It consists of two dialects, the Ashkherewa dialect and the T'ap'anta dialect, which is the literary standard. The language also consists of five sub dialects known as Psyzh-Krasnovostok, Abazakt, Apsua, Kubin-Elburgan and Kuvin. Abaza, like its relatives in the family of Northwest Caucasian languages, is a highly agglutinative langu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
