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Trans-Fly Languages
The Trans-Fly languages are a small family of Papuan languages proposed by Timothy Usher, that are spoken in the region of the Fly River.The family is called 'East Trans-Fly' in Usher, an unfortunate synonym with what others call the Eastern Trans-Fly family, which constitutes one of its branches. Languages ;Trans-Fly * Eastern Trans-Fly (Oriomo Plateau) * Pahoturi (Paho River) *''Waia'' (Tabo) Typology The inclusive vs. exclusive first-person pronoun distinction is found in the Pahoturi River and Oriomo families, as well as in the Western Torres Strait language, but not in other languages of Southern New Guinea. See also *Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages The Trans-Fly – Bulaka River South-Central Papuan languages form a hypothetical family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages west of the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinea into southern Indonesian West Papua, plus a pair ... References {{language families Languages of Papua New Guinea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia (a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia). Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The country is the world's third largest island country, with an area of . At the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1884, including nearly 60 years of Australian administration starting during World War I, Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975. It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Elizabeth II as its queen. It also became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right. There are 839 known languages of Papua New Guinea, one of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torres Strait Islands
The Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands in the Torres Strait, a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea. They span an area of , but their total land area is . The Islands have been inhabited by the indigenous Torres Strait Islanders. Lieutenant James Cook first claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at Possession Island, Queensland, Possession Island in 1770, but British administrative control only began in the Torres Strait Islands in 1862. The islands are now mostly part of Queensland, a constituent State of the Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, but are administered by the Torres Strait Regional Authority, a statutory authority of the Australian federal government. A few islands very close to the coast of mainland New Guinea belong to the Western Province (Papua New Guinea), Western Province of Papua New Guinea, most importantly Daru Island with the provin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists therefore describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. According to '' Ethnologue'' there are 7,151 living human languages distributed in 142 different language families. A living language is defined as one that is the first language of at least one person. The language families with the most speakers are: the Indo-European family, with many widely spoken languages native to Europe (such as English and Spanish) and South Asia (such as Hindi and Bengali); and the Sino-Tibetan famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Trans-Fly Languages
The Eastern Trans-Fly (or Oriomo Plateau) languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages spoken in the Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Oriomo Plateau The Oriomo Plateau is a plateau in Western Province, Papua New Gui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pahoturi Languages
The Pahoturi languages are a small family of Papuan languages spoken around the Pahoturi ( Paho River). This family includes six language varieties including Agöb (Dabu), Em, Ende, Kawam, Idi, and Taeme, which are spoken in the Pahoturi River area south of the Fly River, just west of the Eastern Trans-Fly languages. Ross (2005) tentatively includes them in the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family. Some Pahoturi River speakers were originally hunter-gatherers, but had recently shifted to becoming gardeners. Classification Wurm (1975) and Ross (2005) suggest that the Pahoturi languages may be related to the Tabo (Waia) language just north of the Fly delta. However, they present no evidence, and the pronouns do not match. Evans (2018) classifies the Pahoturi River languages as an independent language family. Languages The six varieties have traditionally been grouped into the following two language groups: # Agöb (Dabu), Em, Ende, and Kawam # Idi and Taeme Prelimin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabo Language
Tabo, also known as Waia (Waya), is a Papuan language of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, just north of the Fly River delta. The language has also been known as Hiwi and Hibaradai. ''Tabo'' means ‘word, mouth’ and is the name of the language, whereas ''Waia'' is the name of one of the ten villages where Tabo is spoken. Classification Tabo is not close to other languages. Evans (2018) classifies it as a language isolate. Usher (2020) includes it in the Trans-Fly family. Part of the uncertainty is because many of the attested words of Tabo are loans from Gogodala or Kiwai, reducing the number of native Tabo words that can be used for comparison and thus making classification difficult. Demographics In Gogodala Rural LLG, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, Tabo is spoken in: *Lower Aramia River: Alagi (), Galu, Saiwase (), and Waya () villages *Bamu River: Alikinapi village *Lower Fly River The Fly River is the third longest river in the island of New Guinea, afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papuan Languages
The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non-Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship. The concept of Papuan (non-Austronesian) speaking Melanesians as distinct from Austronesian-speaking Melanesians was first suggested and named by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1892. New Guinea is the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there are some (arguably) 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to any other languages, plus many language isolates. The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea, with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor and the A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fly River
The Fly River is the third longest river in the island of New Guinea, after the Sepik River and Mamberamo River, with a total length of and the largest by volume of discharge in Oceania, the largest in the world without a single dam in its catchment, and overall the 20th-largest primary river in the world by discharge volume. It is located in the southwest of Papua New Guinea and Papua Province of Indonesia. It rises in the Victor Emanuel Range arm of the Star Mountains, and crosses the south-western lowlands before flowing into the Gulf of Papua in a large delta. The Fly-Strickland River system has a total length of making it the longest river system of an island in the world, including Strickland River is the longest and largest tributary of Fly River, making it the farthest distance source of the Fly River. Description The Fly flows mostly through the Western Province of Papua New Guinea and for a small stretch, it forms the international boundary with western New Guine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waia Language
Tabo, also known as Waia (Waya), is a Papuan language of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, just north of the Fly River delta. The language has also been known as Hiwi and Hibaradai. ''Tabo'' means ‘word, mouth’ and is the name of the language, whereas ''Waia'' is the name of one of the ten villages where Tabo is spoken. Classification Tabo is not close to other languages. Evans (2018) classifies it as a language isolate. Usher (2020) includes it in the Trans-Fly family. Part of the uncertainty is because many of the attested words of Tabo are loans from Gogodala or Kiwai, reducing the number of native Tabo words that can be used for comparison and thus making classification difficult. Demographics In Gogodala Rural LLG, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, Tabo is spoken in: *Lower Aramia River: Alagi (), Galu, Saiwase (), and Waya () villages *Bamu River: Alikinapi village *Lower Fly River The Fly River is the third longest river in the island of New Guinea, afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clusivity
In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between ''inclusive'' and ''exclusive'' first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called ''inclusive " we"'' and ''exclusive "we"''. Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressee (that is, one of the words for "we" means "you and I and possibly others"), while exclusive "we" specifically excludes the addressee (that is, another word for "we" means "he/she/they and I, but not you"), regardless of who else may be involved. While imagining that this sort of distinction could be made in other persons (particularly the second) is straightforward, in fact the existence of second-person clusivity (you vs. you and them) in natural languages is controversial and not well attested. While clusivity is not a feature of standard English language, it is found in many languages around the world. The first published description of the inclusive-exclusive distinction by a European linguist was in a description of languages of Peru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Torres Strait Language
''Kalau Lagau Ya'', ''Kalaw Lagaw Ya'', ''Kala Lagaw Ya'' (), or the ''Western Torres Strait language'' (also several other names, see below), is the language indigenous to the central and western Torres Strait Islands, Queensland, Australia. On some islands, it has now largely been replaced by Torres Strait Creole. Before colonisation in the 1870s–1880s, the language was the major lingua franca of the Torres Strait cultural area of Northern Cape York Australia, Torres Strait and along the coast of the Western Province/Papua New Guinea. It is still fairly widely spoken by neighbouring Papuans and by some Aboriginal Australians. How many non-first language speakers it has is unknown. It also has a 'light' (simplified/foreigner) form, as well as a pidginised form. The simplified form is fairly prevalent on Badu and neighbouring Moa. Names The language is known by several names besides ''Kalaw Lagaw Ya'', most of which (including ''Kalaw Lagaw Ya'') are names of dialects, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans-Fly–Bulaka River Languages
The Trans-Fly – Bulaka River South-Central Papuan languages form a hypothetical family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages west of the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinea into southern Indonesian West Papua, plus a pair of languages on the Bulaka River a hundred km further west. The family was posited by Stephen Wurm as a branch of his 1975 Trans–New Guinea proposal. Wurm thought it likely that many of these languages would prove to not actually belong to Trans–New Guinea, but rather to have been heavily influenced by Trans–New Guinea languages. Malcolm Ross (2005) concurred, and removed most of them. Classification None of the families are closely related; indeed, it is difficult to demonstrate a link between any of them. Wurm's 1975 TNG branch included the following eight demonstrated families: * Kiwaian, on the banks and east of the Fly River *''Waia'', north of the Fly delta * Tirio, on the western bank of the Fly River *Eastern Trans-Fly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
