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Torpedinidae
The family Torpedinidae contains 22 species of electric rays or torpedoes, flat cartilaginous fishes that produce electricity as a defense and feeding mechanism. They are slow-moving bottom-dwellers. The largest species is the Atlantic torpedo, ''Tetronarce nobiliana'', which can grow to a weight of and deliver a 220-volt electric shock. Electric rays have patches of modified muscle cells called electroplaques that make up an electric organ. These generate an electric gradient, similar to the normal electric potential across most cell membranes, but amplified greatly by its concentration into a very small area. The electricity can be stored in the tissues, which act as a battery. The shock can be discharged in pulses. A ray can emit a shock into the body of a prey animal to stun it and make it easier to capture and eat, or into the body of a predator. Tissue from electric rays is often used in neurobiological research because of its unique properties. Torpedo rays are flat l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atlantic Torpedo
The Atlantic torpedo (''Tetronarce nobiliana'') is a species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean, from Nova Scotia to Brazil in the west and from Scotland to West Africa and off southern Africa in the east, occurring at depths of up to , and in the Mediterranean Sea. Younger individuals generally inhabit shallower, sandy or muddy habitats, whereas adults are more pelagic fish, pelagic in nature and frequent open water. Up to long and weighing , the Atlantic torpedo is the largest known electric ray. Like other members of its genus, it has an almost circular pectoral fin disk with a nearly straight leading margin, and a robust tail with a large triangular caudal fin. Distinctive characteristics include its uniform dark color, smooth-rimmed Spiracle (vertebrates), spiracles (paired respiratory openings behind the eyes), and two dorsal fins of unequal size. Solitary and nocturnal, the Atlantic torpedo is capable of generating up to 220 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chilean Torpedo
''Tetronarce tremens'', commonly known as the Chilean torpedo, is a species of fish in the family Torpedinidae. It is found in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is open sea The sea, connected as the world ocean or simply the ocean, is the body of salty water that covers approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. The word sea is also used to denote second-order sections of the sea, such as the Mediterranean Sea, ...s.Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. ''Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.'' References Tetronarce Fish described in 1959 Strongly electric fish Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Chondrichthyes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetronarce
''Tetronarce'' is a genus of rays, commonly known as electric rays. They are slow-moving bottom-dwellers capable of generating electricity as a defense and feeding mechanism. ''Tetronarce'' species tend to attain a much larger size (up to 180 cm TL) than ''Torpedo A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, su ...'' species, which are usually small to moderate sized (range from 25 to 80 cm TL) electric rays. Species There are currently nine recognized species in this genus:Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. ''Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.'' References Fish of Argentina Fish of Japan Fish o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetronarce Tokionis
''Tetronarce'' is a genus of rays, commonly known as electric rays. They are slow-moving bottom-dwellers capable of generating electricity as a defense and feeding mechanism. ''Tetronarce'' species tend to attain a much larger size (up to 180 cm TL) than ''Torpedo A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, su ...'' species, which are usually small to moderate sized (range from 25 to 80 cm TL) electric rays. Species There are currently nine recognized species in this genus:Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. ''Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.'' References Fish of Argentina Fish of Japan Fish o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argentine Torpedo
''Tetronarce puelcha'', commonly known as the Argentine torpedo, is a species of fish in the family Torpedinidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Its natural habitat is open sea The sea, connected as the world ocean or simply the ocean, is the body of salty water that covers approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. The word sea is also used to denote second-order sections of the sea, such as the Mediterranean Sea, ...s. It is rare electric ray fish species, which is moderately large (104 cm) found in South West Atlantic (mostly in Argentina and Brazil).Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. ''Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.'' References Tetronarce Fish described in 1926 Strongly electric fish Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Chondrichthyes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetronarce Formosa
''Tetronarce'' is a genus of rays, commonly known as electric rays. They are slow-moving bottom-dwellers capable of generating electricity as a defense and feeding mechanism. ''Tetronarce'' species tend to attain a much larger size (up to 180 cm TL) than ''Torpedo A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, su ...'' species, which are usually small to moderate sized (range from 25 to 80 cm TL) electric rays. Species There are currently nine recognized species in this genus:Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. ''Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.'' References Fish of Argentina Fish of Japan Fish o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Zealand Torpedo
''Tetronarce fairchildi'', commonly known as the New Zealand torpedo, is a species of electric ray of the family Torpedinidae found only around New Zealand, at depths of between 5 and 1,100 m. This species is placed in the genus ''Tetronarce''.Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. ''Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.'' In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the ''T. fairchildi'' as "Data Deficient" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System The New Zealand Threat Classification System is used by the Department of Conservation to assess conservation priorities of species in New Zealand. The system was developed because the IUCN Red List, a similar conservation status system, had some .... References Endemic marine fish of New Zealand Ovoviviparous fish Tetronarce Fish descri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetronarce Cowleyi
''Tetronarce'' is a genus of rays, commonly known as electric rays. They are slow-moving bottom-dwellers capable of generating electricity as a defense and feeding mechanism. ''Tetronarce'' species tend to attain a much larger size (up to 180 cm TL) than ''Torpedo A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, su ...'' species, which are usually small to moderate sized (range from 25 to 80 cm TL) electric rays. Species There are currently nine recognized species in this genus:Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. ''Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.'' References Fish of Argentina Fish of Japan Fish o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pacific Electric Ray
''Tetronarce californica'' also known as the Pacific electric ray is a species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae, endemic to the coastal waters of the northeastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California to British Columbia. It generally inhabits sandy flats, rocky reefs, and kelp forests from the surface to a depth of , but has also been known to make forays into the open ocean. Measuring up to long, this species has smooth-rimmed spiracles (paired respiratory openings behind the eyes) and a dark gray, slate, or brown dorsal coloration, sometimes with dark spots. Its body form is typical of the genus, with a rounded pectoral fin disc wider than long and a thick tail bearing two dorsal fins of unequal size and a well-developed caudal fin. Solitary and nocturnal, the Pacific electric ray can generate up to 45 volts of electricity for the purposes of subduing prey or self-defense. It feeds mainly on bony fishes, ambushing them from the substrate during the day and actively hun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetronarce Macneilli
''Tetronarce macneilli'', commonly known as the shorttail torpedo, is a species of large electric ray. The taxonomy of the species has been long debated and has been suggested that it is synonymous with ''Torpedo fairchildi''. Distribution and Habitat This species is found off of southern Australia from Port Hedland to the Swain Reefs in tropical-cool temperate waters. It is noted for having an unusually large range for a ray species. It inhabits sloped continental shelves and slopes from to . It feeds on fishes and crustaceans. Description ''T. macneilli'' can grow up to long. It is capable of delivering an intense electric shock if handled in defense and also uses this ability to hunt prey Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the ....Compagno, L.J.V. & Last, P.R. (1999) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders. It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, psychology, physics, computer science, chemistry, medicine, statistics, and Mathematical Modeling, mathematical modeling to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons, glia and neural circuits. The understanding of the biological basis of learning, memory, behavior, perception, and consciousness has been described by Eric Kandel as the "epic challenge" of the Biology, biological sciences. The scope of neuroscience has broadened over time to include different approaches used to study the nervous system at different scales. The techniques used by neuroscientists have expanded enormously, from molecular biology, molecular and cell biology, cellular studies of individual neurons to neuroimaging, imaging ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcelo Rodrigues De Carvalho
Marcelo is a given name, the Spanish and Portuguese form of Marcellus. The Italian version of the name is Marcello, differing in having an additional "l". Marcelo may refer to: * Marcelo Costa de Andrade (born 1967), Brazilian serial killer, rapist, and necrophile *Marcelinho Carioca (Marcelo Pereira Surcin born 1971 in RJ), Brazilian international midfielder in 1990s *Marcelinho Machado (born 1975), Brazilian professional basketball player *Marcelinho Paraíba (Marcelo dos Santos b. 1975 in Paraíba state), Brazilian international midfielder *Marcelinho Paulista (Marcelo José de Souza born 1973 in SP state), Brazilian youth international in 1996 Olympics * Marcelo (footballer, born January 1987), Brazilian footballer * Marcelo (footballer, born May 1987), Brazilian footballer, who played for Lyon *Marcelo (footballer, born 1988), Brazilian footballer, who played for Real Madrid *Marcelo (footballer, born 1989), Brazilian footballer, who plays for Paços Ferreira *Marcelo Arriaga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
