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Timbira
Timbira refers to a number of related ethnolinguistic groups of Timbira-speaking Gê peoples native to Northern and Northeastern Brazil. Among those peoples grouped under the name are the Apanyekrá, Apinajé, Kanela, Gavião (Jê) The Gavião are an indigenous people of Brazil, part of the Jê peoples. They are divided into two groups: the Parkatêjê living on the Tocantins River in the state of Pará, and the Pykobjê people of the state of Maranhão. There were about ..., Krahô, KrinkatÃ, and Pukobyê. References Indigenous peoples in Brazil Indigenous peoples of Eastern Brazil {{Brazil-ethno-group-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timbira Language
Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê languages ̣( Macro-Jê) spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh (Craó), and Canela (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Pará Gavião has 600–700 speakers. Krẽje, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995. Timibira has been intensive contact with various Tupi-Guarani languages of the lower Tocantins- Mearim area, such as Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, and Urubú-Ka'apór. Ararandewára, Turiwára, Tupinamba, and Nheengatu have also been spoken in the area. Some of people in the area are also remembers of Anambé and Amanajé. Varieties Linguistic varieties of Timbira include: *Canela (subdivided into Apà njêkra and Mẽmõrtũmre (a.k.a. Rà mkôkãmẽkra)), 2,500 speakers in Maranh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canela Language
Canela is a dialect of the Canela-Krahô language, a Timbira variety of the Northern Jê language group ( Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken by the Apà njêkra (Apaniêkrá) and by the MẽmõrtÅ©mre (Rà mkôkãmẽkra, Ramkokamekrá) in Maranhão, Brazil. Phonology Vowels * Consonants * Stop sounds /p, t, k/ can be heard as voiced , d, É¡in syllable-initial position within unstressed syllables, following voicing and in syllable-final position following voicing. * A velar nasal /Å‹/ can fluctuate in free variation with a prenasalized and voiced plosive ‹É¡~É¡between dialects. * /tÍ¡s/ is recognized as a post-alveolar /t͡ʃ/ among dialectal differences. * /n, m/ can be heard as prestopped µˆn, ᵇmwhen after oral vowels. * /v/ is only heard in syllable-initial position, elsewhere it is pronounced as * /j/ is heard as when in final position of consonant clusters and in initial position within stressed syllables, and is nasalized as ̃before nasal vowels. It is heard as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gavião (Jê)
The Gavião are an indigenous people of Brazil, part of the Jê peoples. They are divided into two groups: the Parkatêjê living on the Tocantins River in the state of Pará, and the Pykobjê people of the state of Maranhão. There were about 175 Parkatêjê and over 300 Pykobjê as of the 1990s. They traditionally spoke dialects of the Timbira language. The Gavião consistently resisted Brazilian incursions until 1857, when they were nearly exterminated by an army expedition. In the 1950s, they suffered greatly from encroachments on their territory and introduced diseases. Their traditional lifestyle was decimated and the Gavião became reliant on government aid. The University of São Paulo The University of São Paulo ( pt, Universidade de São Paulo, USP) is a public university in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is the largest Brazilian public university and the country's most prestigious educational institution, the best ... launched a program to develop a Gavi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krahô
The Krahô (, ) are an indigenous Timbira Gê people of northeastern Brazil. The Krahô historically inhabited a portion of modern Maranhão along the Balsas River, but were pushed west by pioneer settlement and cattle farmers. Currently, the Krahô live on the Terra IndÃgena Kraolândia reservation in Tocantins. The Krahô have historically been seminomadic, practicing hunting and gathering and shifting cultivation. Terra IndÃgena Kraolândia Modern Krahô live on the Terra IndÃgena Kraolândia, an Indigenous territory in the Goiatins and Itacajá, Tocantins near the Maranhão Maranhão () is a state in Brazil. Located in the country's Northeast Region, it has a population of about 7 million and an area of . Clockwise from north, it borders on the Atlantic Ocean for 2,243 km and the states of PiauÃ, Tocantins and ...-Tocantins border. The territory has an area of and a population of 2992. References {{authority control Indigenous peoples in Brazil [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indigenous Peoples In Brazil
Indigenous peoples in Brazil ( pt, povos indÃgenas no Brasil) or Indigenous Brazilians ( pt, indÃgenas brasileiros, links=no) once comprised an estimated 2000 tribes and nations inhabiting what is now the country of Brazil, before European contact around 1500. Christopher Columbus thought he had reached the East Indies, but Portuguese Vasco da Gama had already reached India via the Indian Ocean route, when Brazil was colonized by Portugal. Nevertheless, the word ("Indians") was by then established to designate the people of the New World and continues to be used in the Portuguese language to designate these people, while a person from India is called in order to distinguish the two. At the time of European contact, some of the Indigenous people were traditionally semi-nomadic tribes who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering and migrant agriculture. Many tribes suffered extinction as a consequence of the European settlement and many were assimilated into the Brazilian po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apinayé People
Apinayé or Apinajé may refer to: * Apinayé people, an ethnic group of Brazil * Apinayé language Apinayé or Apinajé (otherwise known as Afotigé, Aogé, Apinagé, Otogé, Oupinagee, Pinagé, Pinaré, Uhitische, Utinsche, and Western Timbira) is a Northern Jê language ( Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken in Tocantins, Eastern Central Brazil by some ..., a language of Brazil {{Disambiguation Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnolinguistic Group
An ethnolinguistic group (or ethno-linguistic group) is a group that is unified by both a common ethnicity and language. Most ethnic groups share a first language. However, "ethnolinguistic" is often used to emphasise that language is a major basis for the ethnic group, especially in regard to its neighbours. A central concept in the linguistic study of ethnolinguistic groups is ethnolinguistic vitality, the ability of the group's language and ethnicity to sustain themselves. An ethnolinguistic group that lacks such vitality is unlikely to survive as a distinct entity. Factors that influence the ethnolinguistic vitality are demographics, institutional control and status (including language planning factors). See also *First language * Ethnolinguistics *Ethnoreligious group *Nation state *Race (human classification) *Regionalism (politics) Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to increase the political power, influence, and/or self-determination of the people of one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Region, Brazil
The North Region of Brazil ( pt, Região Norte do Brasil; ) is the largest region of Brazil, corresponding to 45.27% of the national territory. It is the second least inhabited of the country, and contributes with a minor percentage in the national GDP and population. It comprises the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins. Its demographic density is the lowest in Brazil considering all the regions of the country, with only 3.8 inhabitants per km2. Most of the population is centered in urban areas. Belém International Airport and Manaus International Airport connect the North Region with many Brazilian cities and also operate some international flights. The North is home to the Federal University of Amazonas and Federal University of Pará, among others. History The first inhabitants of the North Region, as in the rest of Brazil, were the Native Brazilians, who shared a diverse number of tribes and villages, from the pre-Columbian period un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northeast Region, Brazil
The Northeast Region of Brazil ( pt, Região Nordeste do Brasil; ) is one of the five official and political regions of the country according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Of Brazil's twenty-six states, it comprises nine: Maranhão, PiauÃ, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, ParaÃba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia, along with the Fernando de Noronha archipelago (formerly a separate territory, now part of Pernambuco). Chiefly known as ''Nordeste'' ("Northeast") in Brazil, this region was the first to be colonized by the Portuguese and other European peoples, playing a crucial role in the country's history. ''Nordestes dialects and rich culture, including its folklore, cuisines, music and literature, became the most easily distinguishable across the country. To this day, ''Nordeste'' is known for its history and culture, as well as for its natural environment and its hot weather. ''Nordeste'' stretches from the Atlantic seaboard in the northeast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
