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The Science Of Military Strategy
''The Science of Military Strategy (SMS)'' is one of the main doctrinal military publications of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China on the study of war. It is professionally compiled and edited by the PLA Academy of Military Science (AMS). Four editions have been published so far – 1987, 2001, 2013 and 2020.Mingda Qiu (September 2015)China’s Science of Military Strategy: Cross-Domain Concepts in the 2013 Edition CDD Working Paper. University of California, San DiegoArchivedon 1 October 2020. Fravel, M. Taylor. (April 2016)China’s Changing Approach to Military Strategy: The Science of Military Strategy from 2001 and 2013. In Joe McReynolds (Ed.), ''China’s Evolving Military Strategy''. Washington, DC: Jamestown Foundation, 2016. The 2013 edition is a joint work of 35 Chinese military scholars led by Major General Shou Xiaosong. The PLA defines the "science of strategy" as "the discipline of studying the overall situation and rules of war, national defense, and army b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Liberation Army
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The PLA consists of five service branches: the Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, and Strategic Support Force. It is under the leadership of the Central Military Commission (CMC) with its chairman as commander-in-chief. The PLA can trace its origins during the Republican Era to the left-wing units of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Kuomintang (KMT) when they broke away on 1 August 1927 in an uprising against the nationalist government as the Chinese Red Army before being reintegrated into the NRA as units of New Fourth Army and Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The two NRA communist units were reconstituted into the PLA on 10 October 1947. Today, the majority of military units around the country are assigned to one of five theater commands by geographical location. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Liberation Army Academy Of Military Sciences
The Academy of Military Sciences () is the highest-level research institute of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). It is headquartered in Beijing. The academy was founded in March 1958 and as of 2002, its staff included approximately 500 researchers, making it the largest research institution in the PLA. Its president is General Yang Xuejun (since June 2017) while Lt. General Fang Xiang is the political commissar. Functions The AMS researches issues related to “national defence, armed forces development, and military operations.” It works under the direction of the Central Military Commission and its Joint staff Department. More broadly, it coordinates research conducted by the various PLA institutions. According to Bates Gill and James Mulvenon, "AMS researchers write reports for the military leadership, ghost-write speeches for top military leaders, and serve on temporary and permanent leading small groups as drafters of important documents like the Defence White ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taylor Fravel
Maris Taylor Fravel is an American scholar and author. He specializes in the areas of international relations, international security and territorial disputes. Background Fravel earned his BA in history (summa cum laude) from Middlebury College in 1993, MA in philosophy, politics and economics from New College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 1995, MS in international relations (with distinction) from London School of Economics, and PhD in political science from Stanford University in 2004. Taylor Fravel is the Director of the Security Studies Program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and is associated with Princeton University and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a member of the board of directors for the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations. Publications He is on the editorial boards of and has been published in journals including International Studies Quarterly, Security Studies, Journal of Strategic Studies The ''Journal of Strat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Of Concerned Scientists
The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is a nonprofit science advocacy organization based in the United States. The UCS membership includes many private citizens in addition to professional scientists. Anne Kapuscinski, Professor of Environmental Studies and Director of The Coastal Science and Policy Program at the University of California—Santa Cruz, currently chairs the UCS Board of Directors, having replaced James J. McCarthy, Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard University and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2015. History The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded in 1969 by faculty and students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The organization's founding document says it was formed to "initiate a critical and continuing examination of governmental policy in areas where science and technology are of actual or potential significance" and to "devise means for turning research applications away from the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLA National Defence University
The People's Liberation Army National Defence University () is a Beijing-based national military university administered by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and funded by the Central Military Commission. The university is the highest military academy in China and the "only comprehensive joint command university" in the PLA. The current president of the university is PLA general Xu Xueqiang. The university was formed in 1985 with the merger of parts of the PLA Military Academy, the PLA Political Academy, and the PLA Logistics Academy. It was preceded by the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University. In 2015, the People's Liberation Army National Defence University formed a think tank called the China National Security Studies Centre. The university has also hosted visitors from Singapore and Australia as well as partnered with foreign firms such as Synopsys for technology transfer arrangements. See also *List of government-run higher-level national military academ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Active Defense
AirLand Battle was the overall conceptual framework that formed the basis of the US Army's European warfighting doctrine from 1982 into the late 1990s. AirLand Battle emphasized close coordination between land forces acting as an aggressively maneuvering defense, and air forces attacking rear-echelon forces feeding those front line enemy forces. AirLand Battle replaced 1976's " Active Defense" doctrine, and was itself replaced by " Full Spectrum Operations". DePuy reforms and Active Defense Background The basic concept of the Blitzkrieg and similar doctrines was for the attacker to secretly concentrate his forces across a limited frontage to gain a local superiority over the defenders, culminating in an attack with at least tactical surprise leading to a breakthrough, which is then rapidly exploited to threaten the rear areas and destabilize the entire defensive position. Conventional war As the Vietnam War wound down, the US Army started studying their organization and struc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battlespace
Battlespace or battle-space is a term used to signify a unified military strategy to integrate and combine armed forces for the military theatre of operations, including air, information, land, sea, cyber and outer space to achieve military goals. It includes the environment, factors, and conditions that must be understood to successfully apply combat power, protect the force, or complete the mission. This includes enemy and friendly armed forces, infrastructure, weather, terrain, and the electromagnetic spectrum within the operational areas and areas of interest. Concept From "battlefield" to "battle-space" Over the last 25 years, the understanding of the military operational environment has transformed from primarily a time and space-driven linear understanding (a "battlefield") to a multi-dimensional system of systems understanding (a battle-space). This system of systems understanding implies that managing the battle-space has become more complex, primarily beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multipolar World
Polarity in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system. It describes the nature of the international system at any given period of time. One generally distinguishes three types of systems: unipolarity, bipolarity, and multipolarity for three or more centers of power. The type of system is completely dependent on the distribution of power and influence of states in a region or globally. Scholars differ as to whether bipolarity or unipolarity is likely to produce the most stable and peaceful outcomes. Kenneth Waltz and John Mearsheimer are among those who argue that bipolarity tends to generate relatively more stability, whereas John Ikenberry and William Wohlforth are among those arguing for the stabilizing impact of unipolarity. Some scholars, such as Karl Deutsch and J. David Singer, argued that multipolarity was the most stable structure. Unipolarity Unipolarity is a condition in which one state under th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limited War
A limited war is one in which the belligerents do not expend all of the resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise in a specific conflict. This may be to preserve those resources for other purposes, or because it might be more difficult for the participants to use all of an area's resources rather than part of them. Limited war is the opposite concept to total war. Examples American Indians Many American Indians practiced limited warfare or similar behaviors. Eastern groups at the time of contact with Europeans often would not kill all enemies but would capture many for adoption to replenish their own populations. That is related to mourning wars. The Aztec did flower wars to keep subordinate nations symbolically defeated and capture sacrificial victims, who were symbolically adopted. The wars left noncombatants and materials without risk of physical harm. Crimean War British Prime Minister Lord Palmers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Informatization
Informatization or informatisation refers to the extent by which a geographical area, an economy or a society is becoming information-based, i.e. the increase in size of its information labor force. Usage of the term was inspired by Marc Porat’s categories of ages of human civilization: the Agricultural Age, the Industrial Age and the Information Age (1978). Informatization is to the Information Age what industrialization was to the Industrial Age. It has been stated that: :The Agricultural Age has brought about the agriculturization of the planet. The Industrial Age has caused among other things the industrialization of agriculture. The Information Age has resulted to the informatization of the agricultural industry (Flor, 1993). The term has mostly been used within the context of national development. Everett Rogers defines informatization as the process through which new communication technologies are used as a means for furthering development as a nation becomes more and more ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China's Peaceful Rise
"China's peaceful rise", sometimes referred to as "China's peaceful development", was an official policy and political slogan in China under former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Hu Jintao which sought to assure the international community that China's growing political, economic, and military power would not pose a threat to international peace and security. Originally formulated by Zheng Bijian as part of a Ministry of State Security (MSS) influence operation, the term characterized China as a responsible world leader that avoids unnecessary international confrontation, emphasizes soft power, and vows that China is committed to its own internal issues and improving the welfare of its own people before interfering in world affairs. Furthermore, it sought to rebut the "China threat theory" and reestablish the view of China as a non-threatening world power, as historically Chinese empires were regarded as less aggressive. Among Chinese authorities as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deterrence Theory
Deterrence theory refers to the scholarship and practice of how threats or limited force by one party can convince another party to refrain from initiating some other course of action. The topic gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons and is related to but distinct from the concept of mutual assured destruction, which models the preventative nature of full-scale nuclear attack that would devastate both parties in a nuclear war. The central problem of deterrence revolves around how to credibly threaten military action or nuclear punishment on the adversary despite its costs to the deterrer. Deterrence is widely defined as any use of threats (implicit or explicit) or limited force intended to dissuade an actor from taking an action (i.e. maintain the status quo). Deterrence is unlike compellence, which is the attempt to get an actor (such as a state) to take an action (i.e. alter the status quo). Both are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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