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Turtanu
"Turtanu" or "Turtan" (Akkadian: 饞寜饞嫬饞墶 ''tur-ta-nu''; he, 转址旨专职转指旨谉 ''tart膩n''; el, 螛伪蟻胃伪谓; la, Tharthan; arc, 墁艿塥墁艿堍 ''tartan'') is an Akkadian word/title meaning 'commander in chief' or 'prime minister'. In Assyria, the Turtanu ranked next to the king. The Assyrian king would assign the individual who was turtanu to go to battle for him, thus giving great power and influence to the turtanu. The office seems to have been duplicated, and there was a ''tartanu imni'' or 'tartan of the right', as well as a ''tartanu shumeli'' or 'tartan of the left'. In later times the title became territorial; we read of a tartan of 'Kummuh' (Commagene). The title is also applied to the commanders of foreign armies; thus Sargon speaks of the ''Tartan Musurai'', or 'Egyptian Tartan'.Assyria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dayyan-Assur
Dayyan-Assur was commander-in-chief, or Tartan (turt膩nu), of the Assyrian army during the reign of Shalmaneser III (859 - 824 BC). According to the Black Obelisk, he personally led some of the military campaigns outside Assyria, which is rather unusual for a turtanu'. He was involved in the strife for the succession of the aged king, leading to the rulership of Shamshi-Adad V Shamshi-Adad V ( akk, 艩am拧i-Adad) was the King of Assyria from 824 to 811 BC. He was named after the god Adad, who is also known as Hadad. Family Shamshi-Adad was a son and successor of King Shalmaneser III, the husband of Queen Shammuramat (by .... Ancient Assyrians 9th-century BC people {{Assyrian-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III (''艩ulm膩nu-a拧ar膿du'', "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent") was king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Ashurnasirpal II in 859 BC to his own death in 824 BC. His long reign was a constant series of campaigns against the eastern tribes, the Babylonians, the nations of Mesopotamia and Syria, as well as Kizzuwadna and Urartu. His armies penetrated to Lake Van and the Taurus Mountains; the Neo-Hittites of Carchemish were compelled to pay tribute, and the kingdoms of Hamath and Aram Damascus were subdued. It is in the annals of Shalmaneser III from the 850s BC that the Arabs and Chaldeans first appear in recorded history. Reign Campaigns Shalmaneser began a campaign against the Urartian Kingdom and reported that in 858 BC he destroyed the city of Sugunia and then in 853 BC also Ara拧kun. Both cities are assumed to have been capitals of the Kingdom before Tushpa became a center for the Urartians. In 853 BC, a coalition was formed by 11 sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shamshi-ilu
Shamshi-ilu (艩am拧i-ilu) was an influential court dignitary and commander in chief (turtanu) of the Assyrian army who rose in high prominence. He was active during the reigns of Assyrian kings Adad-nirari III (810鈥782 BC), Shalmaneser IV (782鈥772 BC), Ashur-dan III (771鈥754 BC) and Ashur-nirari V (754鈥746 BC). Three times, in 780, 770 and 752 BC, he held the office of limmu officials. He resided at Til Barsip, which is now in northern Syria, and where there are many inscriptions mentioning him. Origins Shamshi-ilu probably was not born in Assyria, though he was from noble lineage of the Bit-Adini tribe and was more than likely educated at the Assyrian court. Later, he rose in the ranks of the Assyrian army to become the commander in chief (turtanu) who had a high degree of influence over the kings of Assyria who lived in his time. He was probably made governor when Shalmaneser III annexed the territories of the Bit-Adini. Some scholars suggested that he might have been o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebrew Bible Content
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved throughout history as the main liturgical language of Judaism (since the Second Temple period) and Samaritanism. Hebrew is the only Canaanite language still spoken today, and serves as the only truly successful example of a dead language that has been revived. It is also one of only two Northwest Semitic languages still in use, with the other being Aramaic. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date back to the 10th century BCE. Nearly all of the Hebrew Bible is written in Biblical Hebrew, with much of its present form in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, during the time of the Babylonian captivity. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as ''Lashon Hakodesh'' (, ) since ancient t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Ranks
Military ranks are a system of hierarchy, hierarchical relationships, within armed forces, police, intelligence agencies or other institutions organized along military lines. The military rank system defines dominance, authority, and responsibility in a military hierarchy. It incorporates the principles of exercising power and authority into the military command hierarchy, chain of command鈥攖he succession of commanders superior to subordinates through which command is exercised. The military chain of command constructs an important component for organized collective action. Uniforms denote the bearer's rank by particular insignia affixed to the uniforms on a number of countries. Ranking systems have been known for most of military history to be advantageous for military operations, in particular with regards to logistics, command, and coordination. As time went on and military operations became larger and more complex, military ranks increased and the ranking systems themselves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military History Of The Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire arose in the 10th century BC. Ashurnasirpal II is credited for utilizing sound strategy in his wars of conquest. While aiming to secure defensible frontiers, he would launch raids further inland against his opponents as a means of securing economic benefit, as he did when campaigning in the Levant. The result meant that the economic prosperity of the region would fuel the Assyrian war machine.Healy, ''The Ancient Assyrians'', p. 10 Ashurnasirpal II was succeeded by Shalmaneser III. Although he campaigned for 31 years of his 35-year reign, he failed to achieve or equal the conquests of his predecessor,Healy, ''The Ancient Assyrians'', p. 13 and his death led to another period of weakness in Assyrian rule. Assyria would later recover under Tiglath-Pileser III, whose reforms once again made Assyria the most powerful force in the Near East,Healy, ''The Ancient Assyrians'', p. 17 and transformed it into a fully fledged empire 鈥 the first of its kind. Later, u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rabsaris
Rabsaris ( he, 专址讘-住指专执讬住 ''ra岣-s膩r墨s''), possibly means "Chief of officers", (Akkadian: 饞嚱饞儾饞姇 ''rab 拧a-r膿拧i'' 脷.GAL.SAG is the name or title of two individuals mentioned in the Bible. * Rabasaris (in the Douay鈥揜heims Bible and the Vulgate; el, 巍伪蠁喂蟼 ''Raphis'') 鈥 One of the three officers whom the King of Assyria (Sennacherib) sent from Lachish with a threatening message to Jerusalem2 Kings 18:17. * Rabsares (in the Douay鈥揜heims Bible and the Vulgate) Jeremias (Jeremiah) Jeremiah 39:3 ,13 Douay鈥揜heims Bible and Vulgatehttp://www.newadvent.org/bible/jer039.htm Accessed 30 November 2009. A prince of Nebuchadnezzar ( 39:3 ,13). While originally translated to be the name of the persons it referred to, ''Rabsaris'' is now thought to be the name of an office or rank, not an individual. See also *Rabshakeh *Tartan (Assyrian) "Turtanu" or "Turtan" (Akkadian: 饞寜饞嫬饞墶 ''tur-ta-nu''; he, 转址旨专职转指旨谉 ''tart膩n''; el, 螛伪蟻胃伪谓; la, Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rabshakeh
Rabshakeh (Akkadian: 饞儾饞亯饞垳饞埁饞實 ''rab 拧膩q锚'' AL.BI.LUL.ME艩 ; grc, 巍伪蠄伪魏畏蟼 ''Rapsak膿s''; la, Rabsaces; aii, 塥懿軖輦塬艿堠芄虉軔; alternative spellings include Rab-shakeh, Rabsaces, or Rab shaqe) is a title meaning "chief of the princes/cup-bearers" in the Semitic Akkadian and Aramaic languages. The title was given to the chief cup-bearer or the vizier of the Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian royal courts in ancient Mesopotamia, and revived by the Assyrians as a military rank during World War I. Biblical accounts The Hebrew Bible mentions it for one of Sennacherib's messengers to Hezekiah, who was sent to Jerusalem along with the Tartan and the Rabsaris. The speech he delivered, in the Hebrew language, in the hearing of all the people, as he stood near the wall on the north side of the city, is quoted in 2 Kings and in Isaiah Isaiah ( or ; he, , ''Y蓹拧a士y膩h奴'', "God is Salvation"), also known as Isaias, was the 8th-century BC Israelite proph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argishti I Of Urartu
Argishti I (), was the sixth known king of Urartu, reigning from 786 BC to 764 BC. He founded the citadel of Erebuni in 782 BC, which is the present capital of Armenia, Yerevan. Alternate transliterations of the name include ''Argishtis'', ''Argisti'', ''Argi拧ti'', and ''Argishtish''. Although the name is usually rendered as ''Argi拧ti'' (read: ''Argishti''), some scholars argue that ''Argisti'' is the most likely pronunciation. This is due to the belief that the Urartians used the cuneiform symbol ''拧'' to voice an ''s''-sound, as opposed to representing the digraph ''sh''. A son and the successor of Menua, he continued the series of conquests initiated by his predecessors, apparently campaigning every year of his reign. He was involved in a number of inconclusive conflicts with the Assyrian king Shalmaneser IV. He conquered the northern part of Syria and made Urartu the most powerful state in post- Hittite Asia Minor. He also expanded his kingdom north to Lake Sevan, conquering ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shalmaneser IV
Shalmaneser IV (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , meaning "Salm膩nu is foremost") was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 783 BC to his death in 773 BC. Shalmaneser was the son and successor of his predecessor, Adad-nirari III, and ruled during a period of Assyrian decline from which few sources survive. As such his reign, other than broad political developments, is poorly known. Shalmaneser's time was marked both by an increase in the power held by Assyrian officials relative to that of the king and Assyria's enemies growing increasingly powerful. Most of Shalmaneser's military efforts were spent warring against the Kingdom of Urartu in the north, which during this time was reaching the peak of its power. Biography Shalmaneser IV was the son and successor of Adad-nirari III (811鈥783 BC), inheriting the throne upon his father's death in 783 BC. The accession of Shalmaneser IV marks the beginning of an obscure period in Assyrian history, from which little information survives. Thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adad-Nirari III
Adad-nirari III (also Adad-narari) was a King of Assyria from 811 to 783 BC. Note that this assumes that the longer version of the Assyrian Eponym List, which has an additional eponym for Adad-nirari III, is the correct one. For the shorter eponym list the ascension year would be 810 BC. Family Adad-nirari was a son and successor of king Shamshi-Adad V, and was apparently quite young at the time of his accession, because for the first five years of his reign, his mother Shammuramat was highly influential, which has given rise to the legend of Semiramis. It is widely rejected that his mother acted as regent, but she was surprisingly influential for the time period.''Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture'' by William H. Stiebing Jr. He was the father of kings Ashur-nirari V, Shalmaneser IV, and Ashur-dan III. Tiglath-Pileser III described himself as a son of Adad-nirari in his inscriptions, but it is uncertain if this is true. Biography Adad-nirari's youth, and the struggle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akkadian Language
Akkadian (, Akkadian: )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages''. Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge) Pages 218-280 is an extinct East Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia ( Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa and Babylonia) from the third millennium BC until its gradual replacement by Akkadian-influenced Old Aramaic among Mesopotamians by the 8th century BC. It is the earliest documented Semitic language. It used the cuneiform script, which was originally used to write the unrelated, and also extinct, Sumerian (which is a language isolate). Akkadian is named after the city of Akkad, a major centre of Mesopotamian civilization during the Akkadian Empire (c. 2334鈥2154 BC). The mutual influence between Sumerian and Akkadian had led scholars to describe the languages as a '' Sprachbund''. Akkadian proper names were first attested in Sumerian texts from around the mid 3rd-mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
