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Treaty Of Peace Between Austria-Hungary And Finland
The Treaty of Peace between Austria-Hungary and Finland, also called the Vienna Peace Treaty,Randall Lesaffer and Mieke van der Linden, "Peace Treaties after World War I", in Frauke Lachenmann and Rudiger Wolfrum (eds.), ''The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: Articles from The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 910–919, at 911. was signed in Vienna on 29 May 1918, bringing to an end the state of war that existed between Finland and Austria-Hungary as a result of World War I.Stephan Verosta, "Peace treaties after World War I", in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Public International Law 4: Use of Force – War and Neutrality – Peace Treaties (N–Z)'' (North Holland, 1982), pp. 110–117, at 112. Background The Grand Duchy of Finland was a part of the Russian Empire at the time of the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Russia on 6 August 1914. In 1917, Russia experienced two revolutions. In the Febru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consolidated Treaty Series
The ''Consolidated Treaty Series'' (CTS) is a collection of multilateral and bilateral treaties signed between 1648 (Peace of Westphalia) and 1918 (end of World War I) inclusive. It contains 243 volumes published between 1969 and 1980 by Oceana Publications. Its general editor was Clive Parry. The treaties are presented in facsimile A facsimile (from Latin ''fac simile'', "to make alike") is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, Old master print, art print, or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible. It differs from ... with English translations as required."Consolidated Treaty Series", in John P. Grant and J. Craig Barker (eds.), ''Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law'', 3rd ed. (Oxford University press, 2009). References {{reflist Law books Lists of treaties ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finnish Civil War
The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil War 29%, Citizen War 25%, Class War 13%, Freedom War 11%, Red Rebellion 5%, Revolution 1%, other name 2% and no answer 14%, was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state. The clashes took place in the context of the national, political, and social turmoil caused by World War I ( Eastern Front) in Europe. The war was fought between the "Reds", led by a section of the Social Democratic Party, and the "Whites", conducted by the conservative-based senate and the German Imperial Army. The paramilitary Red Guards, which were co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I Treaties
In its most general sense, the term "world" refers to the totality of entities, to the whole of reality or to everything that is. The nature of the world has been conceptualized differently in different fields. Some conceptions see the world as unique while others talk of a "plurality of worlds". Some treat the world as one simple object while others analyze the world as a complex made up of many parts. In ''scientific cosmology'' the world or universe is commonly defined as " e totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be". '' Theories of modality'', on the other hand, talk of possible worlds as complete and consistent ways how things could have been. ''Phenomenology'', starting from the horizon of co-given objects present in the periphery of every experience, defines the world as the biggest horizon or the "horizon of all horizons". In ''philosophy of mind'', the world is commonly contrasted with the mind as that which is represented by the mind. ''Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neue Freie Presse
''Neue Freie Presse'' ("New Free Press") was a Viennese newspaper founded by Adolf Werthner together with the journalists Max Friedländer and Michael Etienne on 1 September 1864 after the staff had split from the newspaper ''Die Presse''. It existed until January 31, 1939. Werthner was president of ''Oesterreichischen Journal-Aktien-Gesellschaft'', the business entity behind the newspaper. In 1879, Eduard Bacher became the editor-in-chief of the paper. The editor from 1908 to 1920, and eventual owner, was Moriz Benedikt. Journalists employed by the paper included "Sil-Vara" (pseudonym of Geza Silberer) and Felix Salten. In Paris, its correspondent was Raphael Basch, Max Nordau, and from 1891, Theodor Herzl, both founders of the Zionist movement. Its music critics included Eduard Hanslick (1864–1904) and Julius Korngold Julius Leopold Korngold (24 December 1860 – 25 September 1945) was an Austrian music critic. He was the leading critic in early twentieth century Vienn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allan Serlachius
Carl Allan Serlachius (Särkilahti since 1935; 21 March 1870 Porvoo – 10 December 1935, Helsinki) was a Finnish lawyer, a professor and a politician - a state legislator, senator and member of parliament.
Serlachius gained a Ph.D. from both degrees at the University of Helsinki in 1898 and later served as professor of criminal law and legal history at the University of Helsinki from 1902 until 1917.
In this capacity, he participated as a member from the clergy to the last Diet of Finland between 1904 and 1906. Serlachius was the Vice-Principal of the University of Helsinki between 1915 and 1917.
He was also the member of the Helsinki City Council between 1912 and 1914 and the Finnish Party MP during the Russification of Finland, Second Russification period of 1913 to 1916.
After the Fe ...
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Edvard Immanuel Hjelt
Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (28 June 1855 – 2 July 1921) was a Finnish chemist, politician and a member of the Senate of Finland. Hjelt studied chemistry in Finland and in Germany and became rector of the University of Helsinki in 1899. He opposed the increasing influence of Russia in the Grand Duchy of Finland and started his career in politics. Good connections to Germany created during his chemistry studies before and after his graduation made it possible for him to get military help during the Finnish Civil War. Hjelt organized the training of the Finnish Jäger troops in Germany. Early life and education Hjelt was born in Vihti, Finland. He was the elder brother of August Hjelt. He studied chemistry at the University of Helsinki, and, like most of the chemists of the 19th century, went abroad to improve his education. From 1877 till 1878 he first studied with Johannes Wislicenus at the University of Würzburg, in 1879 with Emil Fischer, Emil Erlenmeyer and Adolf von Baeyer a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kajetan Von Mérey
Kajetan Mérey von Kapos-Mére ( hu, kapos-mérei Mérey Kajetán) (16 January 1861 – 2 February 1931), was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat of Hungarian origin serving as ambassador at Rome at the outbreak of World War I. Life Kajetan von Mérey was born in Vienna on 16 January 1861 into a family who belongs to the lower echelons of the Hungarian nobility as son of banking expert Alexander Mérey von Kapos-Mére (1834–1927). Educated at the Theresian Military Academy, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1883 but after successfully passing the entrance exam for the diplomatic corps in 1885, he was dispatched as attaché to Belgrade and then the following year to Bucharest. In 1891, he was sent to serve at the embassy in Paris and then to Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 1893. In 1895, von Mérey was selected by Count Goluchowski to serve as deputy chef de cabinet, but was promoted already the same year to chef de cabinet. In 1899, he served as a member of the Austro-Hun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephan Burián Von Rajecz
Count Stephan Burián von Rajecz ( hu, rajeczi gróf Burián István) (16 January 1851 – 20 October 1922), commonly called: "Baron von Burian" or, later, "Count Burian" in English language press reports; (titles from 1900, ''Freiherr''; from 1918, ''Graf'') was an Austro-Hungarian politician, diplomat and statesman of Hungarian origin and served as Imperial Foreign Minister during World War I. Life Career Stephan Burián von Rajecz was born in Stomfa, Kingdom of Hungary (now Stupava, Slovakia) on 16 January 1851 into an ancient Hungarian noble family. In 1891, he married Olga ''née'' Freiin Fejérváry von Komlós-Keresztes (1861–1931), a daughter of General Géza Freiherr Fejérváry von Komlós-Keresztes, who briefly served as Hungarian Minister-President. Burián entered the consular branch of the Austro-Hungarian foreign service following graduation from the Consular Academy. He subsequently served in Alexandria, Bucharest, Belgrade and Sofia. From 1882 to 1886 he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Language
German ( ) is a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and Official language, official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italy, Italian province of South Tyrol. It is also a co-official language of Luxembourg and German-speaking Community of Belgium, Belgium, as well as a national language in Namibia. Outside Germany, it is also spoken by German communities in France (Bas-Rhin), Czech Republic (North Bohemia), Poland (Upper Silesia), Slovakia (Bratislava Region), and Hungary (Sopron). German is most similar to other languages within the West Germanic language branch, including Afrikaans, Dutch language, Dutch, English language, English, the Frisian languages, Low German, Luxembourgish, Scots language, Scots, and Yiddish. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic languages, North Germanic group, such as Danish lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Senate Of Finland
The Senate of Finland ( fi, Suomen senaatti, sv, Senaten för Finland) combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1816 to 1917 and in the independent Finland from 1917 to 1918. The body that would become the Senate was established on August 18, 1809, when Tsar Alexander I of Russia summoned the Diet of Porvoo and directed the Diet to draw up regulations for a Government Council.Jutikkala, Eino and Pirinen, Kauko. ''A History of Finland''. Dorset Press, 1988 p. 162. In 1816, Alexander renamed this body the ''Senate'' to demonstrate that it was equal to rather than inferior to its Russian equivalent.Jutikkala, Eino and Pirinen, Kauko. ''A History of Finland''. Dorset Press, 1988 p. 163. The Senate was headed by the Governor-General of Finland. The members of the Senate had to be Finnish citizens. The Senate was divided into the economic division and the judicial division. In 1822 both divisions were given a Finnish vice-chairman. Fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finno-German Peace Treaty
The Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany, also called the Berlin Peace Treaty,Randall Lesaffer and Mieke van der Linden, "Peace Treaties after World War I", in Frauke Lachenmann and Rudiger Wolfrum (eds.), ''The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: Articles from The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 910–919, at 911. signed in Berlin on 7 March 1918 ended the state of war that existed between Finland and the German Empire as a result of World War I.Stephan Verosta, "Peace Treaties after World War I", in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Public International Law 4: Use of Force – War and Neutrality – Peace Treaties (N–Z)'' (North Holland, 1982), pp. 110–117, at 112. It paved the way for German intervention in the Finnish Civil War and the invasion of Åland. According to one negative assessment, it placed Finland "firmly within the German orbit", rendering it "merely an economic satellite". Back ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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