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Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–1541)
The Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–1541) ( my, တောင်ငူ–ဟံသာဝတီ စစ် (၁၅၃၄–၁၅၄၁)) was a military conflict between the Toungoo Kingdom, and the Hanthawaddy Kingdom and its allies the Prome Kingdom and the Confederation of Shan States that took place in present-day Lower Burma (Myanmar) between 1534 and 1541. In a series of improbable events, the upstart Burmese language, Burmese-speaking kingdom defeated the Mon language, Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy, the most prosperous and powerful of all post-Pagan Kingdom, Pagan kingdoms before the war.Harvey 1925: 153–157 In the following years, Toungoo used the newly acquired kingdom's wealth and manpower to reunify the various petty states that had existed since the fall of Pagan Empire in 1287. Background Since its founding in 1279 as an outpost of the Pagan Kingdom, Toungoo, located in a remote, hard-to-reach corner east of the Pegu Yoma (Bago Yoma) range, had always been a troublesome p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saw Binnya
Saw Binnya ( my, စောဗညား, ; died 1541) was viceroy of Martaban (Mottama) from c. 1510s to 1539, and the self-proclaimed king of the rump Hanthawaddy Kingdom from 1539 to 1541. First appointed viceroy of Martaban, one of the three provinces of the Mon-speaking kingdom, by King Binnya Ran II, Saw Binnya ruled the province like a sovereign during the reign of King Takayutpi, his brother-in-law. Under his leadership, the port of Martaban became an international entrepôt, and grew tremendously wealthy. He was able to build up a formidable military of his own, replete with Portuguese mercenaries and arms. But his refusal to contribute to Takayutpi's war effort against Toungoo Dynasty greatly facilitated Toungoo's conquest of Pegu in 1538–1539, and ultimately resulted in the downfall of his own fiefdom in 1541. He was subsequently executed. Ruler of Martaban Saw Binnya was appointed viceroy of the province of Martaban, one of the three provinces of Hanthawaddy, by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mingyi Nyo
, image = File:Mingyi Nyo.jpg , caption = Statue of Mingyi Nyo in Taungoo , reign = 16 October 1510 – 24 November 1530 , coronation = 11 April 1511 , succession = King of Toungoo Dynasty , predecessor = New office , successor = Tabinshwehti , suc-type = Successor , succession1 = Viceroy of Toungoo , reign1 = April 1485 – 16 October 1510 , coronation1 = 11 November 1491 , predecessor1 = Min Sithu , successor1 = Mingyi Swe , reg-type = , regent = , spouse = Soe Min Hteik-Tin Thiri Maha Sanda Dewi Yadana Dewi Maha Dewi Yaza Dewi , issue = Tabinshwehti Atula Thiri , issue-link = , full name = , regnal name=Mahāsīrijeyyasūra(မဟာသီရိဇေယျသူရ), house = Toungoo , father = ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binnya Ran II
Binnya Ran II ( my, ဒုတိယ ဗညားရံ, ; Mon: ဗညားရာံ; 1469–1526) the 17th king of the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy in Burma from 1492 to 1526. He was revered for his gentleness although his first act as king was to enforce the massacre of the kinsmen, putting all the royal offspring to death.Harvey 1925: 120 During the confusion of Binnya Ran's ascension, Mingyi Nyo of Toungoo who at the time was a vassal of Ava, without King Minkhaung II's permission, sent a probing raid into Hanthawaddy territory. Binnya Ran II sent in a retaliatory raid of the city of Toungoo itself.Fernquest 2005 After the show of force, Hanthawaddy was free of any incursions. In 1501, he assembled an army of thousands to travel up the Irrawaddy river to pay pilgrimage to the Shwezigon Pagoda at Pagan inside Ava's territory. When the king of Prome, a small kingdom wedged between Ava and Hanthawaddy, checked him, he replied: "I could conquer both you and Ava but I do not wish. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pegu Yoma
The Pegu Range ( my, ပဲခူးရိုးမ; Pegu Yoma or Bago Yoma) is a range of low mountains or hillsSeekins, Donald M. (2006) ''Historical dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)'' Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Marylandpage 357 and uplands between the Irrawaddy and the Sittaung River in central Burma (Myanmar). The range runs from Mount Popa in the north to Singuttara Hill (Theingottara Hill) in the south. Both the Pegu River and the Sittaung River originate in the Pegu Range. High points Among the notable peaks or hilltops are high Mount Popa, a stratovolcano,Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007) ''Early landscapes of Myanmar'' River Books, Bangkok, page 44, Binhontaung ,topographic map, 1:250,00Thayetmyo, Burma, NE 46-4 Series U542, United States Army Map Service, October 1959 Kodittaung , Phoe-Oo Taung and Singguttara Hill (Theingottara Hill). Geology The Pegu Range consists of folded and faulted Paleogene marine sediments combined with more recent volcanics. History The Shwed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pagan Empire
The Kingdom of Pagan ( my, ပုဂံခေတ်, , ; also known as the Pagan Dynasty and the Pagan Empire; also the Bagan Dynasty or Bagan Empire) was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-day Myanmar. Pagan's 250-year rule over the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery laid the foundation for the ascent of Burmese language and culture, the spread of Bamar ethnicity in Upper Myanmar, and the growth of Theravada Buddhism in Myanmar and in mainland Southeast Asia.Lieberman 2003: 88–123 The kingdom grew out of a small 9th-century settlement at Pagan (present-day Bagan) by the Mranma/Burmans, who had recently entered the Irrawaddy valley from the Kingdom of Nanzhao. Over the next two hundred years, the small principality gradually grew to absorb its surrounding regions until the 1050s and 1060s when King Anawrahta founded the Pagan Empire, for the first time unifying under one polity the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. By ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pagan Kingdom
The Kingdom of Pagan ( my, ပုဂံခေတ်, , ; also known as the Pagan Dynasty and the Pagan Empire; also the Bagan Dynasty or Bagan Empire) was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-day Myanmar. Pagan's 250-year rule over the Irrawaddy River, Irrawaddy valley and its periphery laid the foundation for the ascent of Burmese language and Burmese culture, culture, the spread of Bamar people, Bamar ethnicity in Upper Myanmar, and the growth of Theravada Buddhism in Myanmar and in mainland Southeast Asia.Lieberman 2003: 88–123 The kingdom grew out of a small 9th-century settlement at Bagan, Pagan (present-day Bagan) by the Bamar, Mranma/Burmans, who had recently entered the Irrawaddy valley from the Kingdom of Nanzhao. Over the next two hundred years, the small principality gradually grew to absorb its surrounding regions until the 1050s and 1060s when King Anawrahta founded the Pagan Empire, for the first time unifying und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mon Language
The Mon language (, mnw, ဘာသာမန်, links=no, (Mon-Thai ဘာသာမည်) ; my, မွန်ဘာသာ; th, ภาษามอญ; formerly known as Peguan and Talaing) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Mon people. Mon, like the related Khmer language, but unlike most languages in mainland Southeast Asia, is not tonal. The Mon language is a recognised indigenous language in Myanmar as well as a recognised indigenous language of Thailand. Mon was classified as a "vulnerable" language in UNESCO's 2010 ''Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger''. The Mon language has faced assimilative pressures in both Myanmar and Thailand, where many individuals of Mon descent are now monolingual in Burmese or Thai respectively. In 2007, Mon speakers were estimated to number between 800,000 and 1 million. In Myanmar, the majority of Mon speakers live in Southern Myanmar, especially Mon State, followed by Tanintharyi Region and Kayin State. History Mon is an i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burmese Language
Burmese ( my, မြန်မာဘာသာ, MLCTS: ''mranmabhasa'', IPA: ) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar (also known as Burma), where it is an official language, lingua franca, and the native language of the Burmans, the country's principal ethnic group. Burmese is also spoken by the indigenous tribes in Chittagong Hill Tracts (Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Cox's Bazar) in Bangladesh, Tripura state in Northeast India. Although the Constitution of Myanmar officially recognizes the English name of the language as the Myanmar language, most English speakers continue to refer to the language as ''Burmese'', after Burma, the country's once previous and currently co-official name. Burmese is the common lingua franca in Myanmar, as the most widely-spoken language in the country. In 2007, it was spoken as a first language by 33 million, primarily the Burman people and related ethnic groups, and as a second language by 10 million, particularly ethnic mino ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lower Burma
Lower Myanmar ( my, အောက်မြန်မာပြည်, also called Lower Burma) is a geographic region of Myanmar and includes the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta (Ayeyarwady Region, Ayeyarwady, Bago Region, Bago and Yangon Regions), as well as coastal regions of the country (Rakhine State, Rakhine and Mon States and Tanintharyi Region). In the Burmese language, people originating from Upper Myanmar are typically called ''a-nya-tha'' for men and ''a-nya-thu'' for women, whereas those from Lower Myanmar are called ''auk tha'' () for men and ''auk thu'' for women. Historically, Lower Myanmar referred to the part of Myanmar annexed by the British Empire after the end of the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852, plus the former kingdom of Rakhine State, Arakan and the territory of Tanintharyi Region, Tenasserim which the British had taken control of in 1826 through the Treaty of Yandabo. Lower Myanmar was centred at Rangoon, and composed of all of the coast of modern Myanmar, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Burmese Army
The Royal Armed Forces ( my, တပ်မတော်,See (Maha Yazawin 2006: 26), (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 236), (Hmannan Vol. 2 2012: 2) for example. ) were the armed forces of the Burmese monarchy from the 9th to 19th centuries. It refers to the military forces of the Pagan Kingdom, the Kingdom of Ava, the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, the Toungoo dynasty and the Konbaung dynasty in chronological order. The army was one of the major armed forces of Southeast Asia until it was defeated by the British over a six-decade span in the 19th century. The army was organised into a small standing army of a few thousand, which defended the capital and the palace, and a much larger conscript-based wartime army. Conscription was based on the ''ahmudan'' system, which required local chiefs to supply their predetermined quota of men from their jurisdiction on the basis of population in times of war. The wartime army also consisted of elephantry, cavalry, artillery and naval units. Firearms, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paulo De Seixas
Paulo de Seixas was a 16th-century Portuguese mercenary in the service of Saw Binnya, the viceroy of Martaban (Mottama). He is known for his leadership of Martaban's musket and artillery corps at the battle of Martaban (1540–41) against Toungoo Burma.Ryley 1899: 140–142 Background Though Seixas' land and naval troops, primarily made up of Portuguese and other foreign mercenaries, kept the besiegers at bay for seven months, Toungoo forces eventually broke through and the city was sacked.Harvey 1925: 155–157 According to the contemporary Portuguese explorer Fernão Mendes Pinto, Seixas had managed to escape with "a native woman", and the couple made it to the Coromandel Coast (Southeastern India) where they were married. He had brought with him two valuable bracelets, which he said were awarded to him by Saw Binnya in recognition of his faithful service. He sold the bracelets for 36,000 ducats. The dealers, according to Pinto, resold the bracelets to the ruler of NarsingaTh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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