|
Toshiba–Kongsberg Scandal
The Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal, referred to in Japan as the Toshiba Machine Cocom violation case, was an international trade incident that unfolded during the final period of the Cold War. It centered on certain Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) member nations who transgressed foreign exchange and foreign trade laws by exporting machine tools to the Soviet Union. These tools, when combined with Kongsberg numerical control (NC) devices manufactured in Norway, contravened the CoCom agreement. The equipment allowed the submarine technology of the Soviet Union to progress significantly as it was being used to machine quieter propellers for Soviet submarines. The incident strained relations between the United States and Japan and resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two senior executives, as well as the imposition of sanctions on Kongsberg by both countries. The Incident The Toshiba Machine division (at that time) was a 50.1% subsidiary of Toshi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cold War (1985–1991)
The time period of around 1985–1991 marked the final period of the Cold War. It was characterized by systemic reform within the Soviet Union, the easing of geopolitical tensions between the Soviet-led bloc and the United States-led bloc, the collapse of the Soviet Union's influence in Eastern Europe, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The beginning of this period is marked by the ascent of Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Seeking to bring an end to the economic stagnation associated with the Brezhnev Era, Gorbachev initiated economic reforms (''perestroika''), and political liberalization ('' glasnost''). While the exact end date of the Cold War is debated among historians, it is generally agreed upon that the implementation of nuclear and conventional arms control agreements, the withdrawal of Soviet military forces from Afghanistan and Eastern Europe, and the collapse of the Soviet Union ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Germany
West Germany was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until German reunification, its reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic after its capital city of Bonn, or as the Second German Republic. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc. West Germany was formed as a political entity during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, established from 12 States of Germany, states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the Western and Eastern Bloc, Eastern blocs. Germany was divided into the two countries. Initially, West Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany, representing itself as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computing In The Soviet Union
The history of computing in the Soviet Union began in the late 1940s, when the country began to develop its Small Electronic Calculating Machine (MESM) at the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in Feofaniya. Initial ideological opposition to cybernetics in the Soviet Union was overcome by a Khrushchev era policy that encouraged computer production. By the early 1970s, the uncoordinated work of competing government ministries had left the Soviet computer industry in disarray. Due to lack of common standards for peripherals and lack of digital storage capacity the Soviet Union's technology significantly lagged behind the West's semiconductor industry. The Soviet government decided to abandon development of original computer designs and encouraged cloning of existing Western systems (e.g. the 1801 CPU series was scrapped in favor of the PDP-11 ISA by the early 1980s). Soviet industry was unable to mass-produce computers to acceptable quality standards and locally manufactu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1987 In The United States
Events from the year 1987 in the United States. Incumbents Federal government * President: Ronald Reagan ( R-California) * Vice President: George H. W. Bush ( R-Texas) * Chief Justice: William Rehnquist (Virginia) * Speaker of the House of Representatives: ::Tip O'Neill ( D-Massachusetts) (until January 3) ::Jim Wright ( D-Texas) (starting January 6) * Senate Majority Leader: ::Bob Dole ( R-Kansas) (until January 3) ::Robert Byrd ( D-West Virginia) (starting January 3) * Congress: 99th (until January 3), 100th (starting January 3) Events January * January 5 – President Ronald Reagan undergoes prostate surgery, causing speculation about his physical fitness to continue in office. * January 13 – New York mafiosi Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno and Carmine Peruccia are sentenced to 100 years in prison for racketeering. * January 22 – Pennsylvania State Treasurer R. Budd Dwyer commits suicide by shooting himself during a press conference. The incident was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1987 In Japan
Events in the year 1987 in Japan. 1987 was the second year of the Japanese asset price bubble: land values in Tokyo rose more than 85 percent between July 1986 and July 1987. Incumbents *Emperor: Hirohito *Prime Minister: Yasuhiro Nakasone ( L–Gunma) until November 6, Noboru Takeshita (L–Shimane) * Chief Cabinet Secretary: Masaharu Gotōda (L–Tokushima) until November 6, Keizō Obuchi (L–Gunma) * Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: Kōichi Yaguchi * President of the House of Representatives: Kenzaburō Hara (L–Hyōgo) * President of the House of Councillors: Masaaki Fujita (L–Hiroshima) * Diet sessions: 108th (regular session opened in December 1986, to May 27), 109th (extraordinary, July 6 to September 19), 110th (extraordinary, November 6 to November 11), 111th (extraordinary, November 27 to December 12), 112th (regular, December 28 to 1988, May 25) Governors *Aichi Prefecture: Reiji Suzuki *Akita Prefecture: Kikuji Sasaki *Aomori Prefecture: Masaya Kitamura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bungeishunjū
is a Japanese publishing company known for its leading monthly magazine '' Bungeishunjū''. The company was founded by Kan Kikuchi in 1923. It grants the annual Akutagawa Prize, one of the most prestigious literary awards in Japan, as well as the annual Naoki Prize for popular novelists. It also granted (from 1955 to 2001) the annual Bungeishunjū Manga Award for achievement in the manga and illustration fields. It is headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo. The company publishes , the weekly , and the sports magazine ''Number'', which represent public opinion of literary, political, and sport-journalistic culture, respectively. The ''Bunshun'', in particular, has come to be known for litigation involving freedom of speech issues, particularly alleged privacy violations and defamation; see, for example, Mitsuo Kagawa. List of magazines The magazines published by Bungeishunjū include: * (published monthly) * (published monthly) * (published weekly) * (monthly literary issue) * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shinchosha
is a publisher founded in 1896 in Japan and headquartered in , Shinjuku, Tokyo. Shinchosha is one of the sponsors of the Japan Fantasy Novel Award. Books * Haruki Murakami: '' Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World'' (1985), '' Uten Enten'' (1990), '' The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle'' (1997), '' After the quake'' (2000), '' 1Q84'' (2009–2010), '' The City and Its Uncertain Walls'' (2023) * Alex Kerr: '' Lost Japan'' (1993) Book series Magazines Weekly * – since 1956 * – manga, discontinued in 2010 * '' Focus'' – suspended Monthly * – Literary magazine since 1904 * * * '' nicola'' * (suspended) * * * * ''ENGINE'' – Automobile magazine, since 2000 * '' Foresight'' – Japanese edition discontinued in 2010 * - manga, since 2011 Web magazine * '' Foresight'' – Japanese edition since 2010 * ''Daily Shinchō'' – comprehensive news site basically excerpting from '' Shukan Shincho'' since 2015 Seasonal * ''Grave of the Fireflies'' In 1967, Shin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Computing Technology Smuggling
Soviet computing technology smuggling, both attempted and actual, was a response to CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) restrictions on technology transfer. History Mainframe successes Initially the Soviet Union focused on Mainframe computers, mainframe computing technology, particularly the IBM System/360, IBM 360 and IBM System/370, 370. Between 1967 and 1972 much effort went into reverse engineering what they "acquired." Their first IBM-like machine was based on a IBM System/360 Model 40, 360/40 smuggled in via Poland. The second Soviet-built machine was from a IBM System/370 Model 145, 370/145. Their focus subsequently shifted to super-minicomputers. Failure in 1983 to import a VAX-11, VAX-11/782 did not stop their efforts. "Reverse-engineered and copied Apple IIe parts" brought microcomputers to the Soviet Union; it also brought computer viruses too. IBM PC compatible computers were also smuggled in. Production of Iron Curtain mainframes, at one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Computing In The Soviet Union
The history of computing in the Soviet Union began in the late 1940s, when the country began to develop its MESM, Small Electronic Calculating Machine (MESM) at the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in Feofaniya. Initial ideological opposition to cybernetics in the Soviet Union was overcome by a Khrushchev era policy that encouraged computer production. By the early 1970s, the uncoordinated work of competing Ministries of the Soviet Union, government ministries had left the Soviet computer industry in disarray. Due to lack of common standards for peripherals and lack of digital storage capacity the Soviet Union's technology significantly lagged behind the West's semiconductor industry. The Soviet government decided to abandon development of original computer designs and encouraged cloning of existing Western systems (e.g. the 1801 series CPU, 1801 CPU series was scrapped in favor of the PDP-11 architecture, PDP-11 ISA by the early 1980s). Soviet industry was unable to mass-pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg (, ; ), alternatively Romanization of Russian, romanized as Ekaterinburg and formerly known as Sverdlovsk ( ; 1924–1991), is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District, Russia. The city is located on the Iset River between the Idel-Ural, Volga-Ural region and Siberia, with a population of roughly 1.5 million residents, up to 2.2 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the list of cities and towns in Russia by population, fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in the Ural Federal District, and one of Russia's main cultural and industrial centres. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the "Third capital of Russia", as it is ranked third by the size of its economy, culture, transportation and tourism. Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Orthodox name of Catherine I of Russia, Catherine I (born Marta Helena Skowrońska), the wife of Russian Emperor Peter the G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Innocenti
Innocenti () was an Italian machinery works, originally established by Ferdinando Innocenti in 1933 in Lambrate, a neighborhood on the eastern outskirts of Milan. Over the years, they produced Lambretta scooters as well as a range of automobiles, mainly of British Leyland origins. The brand was retired in 1996, six years after being acquired by Fiat. History After World War II, the company was famous for many years for Lambretta scooters models such as the Lambretta 48, LI125, LI150, TV175, TV200, SX125, SX150, SX200, GP125, GP150 and GP200. From 1961 to 1976, Innocenti built under licence the BMC (later the British Leyland Motor Corporation / BLMC) Mini, with 848, 998 cc and 1,275 cc engines, followed by other models, including, from 1973, the Regent (Allegro), with engines up to 1,485 cc. The company of this era is commonly called Leyland Innocenti. The Innocenti Spyder (1961–70) was a re-bodied version of the Austin-Healey MKII Sprite (styling by Ghi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleksin
Aleksin () is a town and the administrative center of Aleksinsky District in Tula Oblast, Russia, located northwest of Tula, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: History It was founded at the end of the 13th century and first mentioned in 1348 in the Nikon Chronicle. Aleksin was sacked by Khan Akhmat in 1472 during his invasion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Because of its location on the Oka River, it was, for a while, an important inland port. Aleksin was granted town status in 1777. The town expanded in the 1930s with the construction of a chemical plant. During World War II, Aleksin was under German occupation from 29 November 1941 until 17 December 1941. On the night of 8–9 November 2024, during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ukraine launched a drone attack on the Aleksin Chemical Plant—a subsidiary of state corporation Rostec—about south of Moscow, causing a series of explosions and fires at the plant which manufactures ammunition and explosi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
