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Torque Teno Sus Virus
Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV, swine TTV, porcine anellovirus), belonging to the family ''Anelloviridae'', is a group of virus strains that are non-enveloped, with a single-stranded circular DNA genome ranging from 2.6 to 2.8 kb in size. These swine infecting anelloviruses are divided into two genera: ''Iotatorquevirus'' and ''Kappatorquevirus''. Torque teno sus virus has been found in pigs (''Sus domesticus'') worldwide. TTSuVs are mainly transmitted by fecal-oral route. The prevalence of these viruses is relatively high. For now, there is not known disease caused exclusively by TTSuV. There is the possibility that TTSuV may worsen the progression of other diseases and therefore increase the economic losses for pig industry. History In the nineties, Torque teno virus (TTV) was first found in a Japanese patient. In 2002, the genome of Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV), isolated from swine serum, was first sequenced in Japan. Taxonomy TTSuVs belong to the family ''Anelloviridae'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iotatorquevirus
''Iotatorquevirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Anelloviridae'', in group II in the Baltimore classification. It includes one species: ''Torque teno sus virus 1a''. Virology The virons are small and non-enveloped. The viruses are usually acquired soon after birth and may invade virtually any tissue in the body. They are widespread in the pig population. Genome Iotatorqueviruses have a circular, single-stranded DNA genome. The genome is negative-sense. Clinical Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome Porcine circoviral disease (PCVD) and porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), is a disease seen in domestic pigs. This disease causes illness in piglets, with clinical signs including progressive loss of body condition, visibly enlarged l ... has been causally associated with porcine circovirus type 2. The Iotatorquevirus have also been linked with this syndrome but a causative role—if one exists—has yet to be established. References External linksIC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torque Teno Virus
''Alphatorquevirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Anelloviridae'', in group II in the Baltimore classification. It encompasses many species of the virus formerly known as TTV, transfusion transmitted virus, or torque teno virus, SENV, SANBAN, and others. The genus contains 26 species. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: *'' Torque teno chlorocebus virus 1'' *'' Torque teno chlorocebus virus 2'' *'' Torque teno chlorocebus virus 3'' *'' Torque teno chlorocebus virus 5'' *'' Torque teno virus 1'' *''Torque teno virus 2'' *'' Torque teno virus 3'' *''Torque teno virus 4'' *'' Torque teno virus 5'' *'' Torque teno virus 6'' *'' Torque teno virus 7'' *''Torque teno virus 9'' *''Torque teno virus 10'' *''Torque teno virus 13'' *'' Torque teno virus 14'' *'' Torque teno virus 15'' *'' Torque teno virus 17'' *'' Torque teno virus 18'' *''Torque teno virus 19'' *''Torque teno virus 20'' *''Torque teno virus 21'' *''Torque teno virus 24'' *''Torque teno virus 25'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
Porcine circoviral disease (PCVD) and porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), is a disease seen in domestic pigs. This disease causes illness in piglets, with clinical signs including progressive loss of body condition, visibly enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty in breathing, and sometimes diarrhea, pale skin, and jaundice. PCVD is very damaging to the pig-producing industry and has been reported worldwide. PCVD is caused by ''Porcine circovirus 2'' (PCV-2). The North American industry endorses "PCVAD" and European use "PCVD" to describe this disease. PMWS and PCV-2 ''Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome'' (''PMWS'') is the classic PCVD entity, caused by PCV-2. PCV-2 has a near universal distribution – present in most pig herds. In contrast, PMWS is more sporadic in its distribution. Experimental induction of PMWS has not been achieved by PCV-2 infection alone, using infectious DNA clones of the virus or a pure form of PCV-2 derived from infectious DNA clones. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term ''pathogen'' came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term ''pathogen'' is used to describe an ''infectious'' microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus. Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them. There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil has the longest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bile
Bile (from Latin ''bilis''), or gall, is a dark-green-to-yellowish-brown fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile) and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of hepatic bile is (97–98)% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids, and lecithin), and 200 meq/L inorganic salts. The two main pigments of bile are bilirubin, which is yellow, and its oxidised form biliverdin, which is green. When mixed, they are responsible for the brown color of feces. About 400 to 800 millilitres of bile is produced per day in adult human beings. Function Bile or gall acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side; consequently, they tend ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amino Acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha amino acids appear in the genetic code. Amino acids can be classified according to the locations of the core structural functional groups, as Alpha and beta carbon, alpha- , beta- , gamma- or delta- amino acids; other categories relate to Chemical polarity, polarity, ionization, and side chain group type (aliphatic, Open-chain compound, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acid '' residues'' form the second-largest component (water being the largest) of human muscles and other tissues. Beyond their role as residues in proteins, amino acids participate in a number of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis. It is thought that they played a key role in enabling life ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The proteins making up the capsid are called capsid proteins or viral coat proteins (VCP). The capsid and inner genome is called the nucleocapsid. Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. The majority of the viruses have capsids with either helical or icosahedral structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures due to constraints of elasticity and electrostatics. The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape resembles the shape of a spring, taking the space of a cylinder but not being a cylinder itself. The capsid faces may consist of one or more ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torque Teno Sus Virus K2
''Kappatorquevirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Anelloviridae''. Pigs serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: possibly post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: *''Torque teno sus virus k2a'' *''Torque teno sus virus k2b In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). It represents the capability of a force to produce change in the rotational motion of the ...'' Structure Viruses in ''Kappatorquevirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=1 symmetry. The diameter is around 19-27 nm. Genomes are circular, around 2.7kb in length. The genome codes for 4 proteins, and has 3 open reading frames. Life cycle Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Repli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serum (blood)
Serum () is the fluid and solute component of blood which does not play a role in Coagulation, clotting. It may be defined as blood plasma without the clotting factors, or as blood with all cells and clotting factors removed. Serum includes all proteins not used in Coagulation, blood clotting; all electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones; and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs or microorganisms). Serum does not contain white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets, or clotting factors. The study of serum is serology. Serum is used in numerous diagnostic tests as well as blood typing. Measuring the concentration of various molecules can be useful for many applications, such as determining the therapeutic index of a drug candidate in a clinical trial. To obtain serum, a blood sample is allowed to clot (coagulation). The sample is then centrifuged to remove the clot and blood cells, and the resulting liquid wikt:supernatant, supernatant is serum. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anelloviridae
''Anelloviridae'' is a family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ... of viruses. They are classified as vertebrate viruses and have a non-enveloped capsid, which is round with isometric, icosahedral symmetry and has a triangulation number of 3. The name is derived from Italian ''anello'' 'ring', referring to the circular genome of anelloviruses. Genome The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of cccDNA, circular, negative-sense, single-stranded DNA. The complete genome is 3000–4000 nucleotides long. They also contain a non-coding region with one to two 80–110 nt sequences that contain high GC content, forming a secondary structure of stems and loops. The genome has Open reading frame, ORFs and a high degree of genetic diversity. Although the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kappatorquevirus
''Kappatorquevirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Anelloviridae ''Anelloviridae'' is a family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is t ...''. Pigs serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: possibly post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: *'' Torque teno sus virus k2a'' *'' Torque teno sus virus k2b'' Structure Viruses in ''Kappatorquevirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=1 symmetry. The diameter is around 19-27 nm. Genomes are circular, around 2.7kb in length. The genome codes for 4 proteins, and has 3 open reading frames. Life cycle Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Rep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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