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Tor-Kwerba Languages
The Foja Range languages, or Tor–Kwerba in more limited scope, are a family of about two dozen Papuan languages. They are named after the Foja Mountains of western New Guinea. Languages All the languages had been part of Stephen Wurm's 1975 Trans–New Guinea proposal, but he did not recognize them as a unit, retaining Kwerba within Capell's 1962 Dani–Kwerba proposal, for example. Foley (2018) classifies the Orya–Tor and Kwerbic languages together, as Tor–Kwerba. Usher (2020) adds Nimboran and Mawes, naming the expanded family Foja Range, after the Foja mountain range that passes through all four branches of the family. * Orya–Tor * Nimboran *'' Mawes'' * West Foja Range (Greater Kwerbic) ** Isirawa ** Masep ** Kapauri–Sause **Apauwar–Kwerba (Kwerbic) *** Apauwar Coast *** Kwerba Typological overview Even though grammatical gender In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender catego ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of Motu, from the Austronesian l ...: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Mainland Australia, Australia by the wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the independent state of Papua New Guinea. The western half, known as Western New Guinea, forms a part of Indonesia and is organized as the provinces of Papua (province), Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua (province), West ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grammatical Gender
In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called ''gender''; the values present in a given language (of which there are usually two or three) are called the ''genders'' of that language. Whereas some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", others use different definitions for each; many authors prefer "noun classes" when none of the inflections in a language relate to sex. Gender systems are used in approximately one half of the world's languages. According to one definition: "Genders are classes of nouns reflected in the behaviour of associated words." Overview Languages with grammatical gender usually have two to four different genders, but some are attested with up to 20. #Gender contras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kwerba Languages
The half dozen Kwerba languages form a small language family spoken in Jayapura Regency Jayapura Regency is one of the regencies (''kabupaten'') in Papua Province of Indonesia. It is situated to the west of but does not include the city of Jayapura. Previously covering most of the north-east portion of Papua province, it was reduce ... of Indonesian West Papua. Languages The languages are, * Bagusa * Kauwera (Kaowerawedj) * Kwerba (Sasawa, Air Mati) * Kwerba Mamberamo (Nopuk) * Trimuris References External links * Timothy Usher, New Guinea WorldKwerba {{Papuan languages Languages of Indonesia Kwerbic languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apauwar Coast Languages
The Apauwar Coast languages, also known as Samarokena–Airoran, is a pair of closely related languages of Indonesian West Papua. They are the closest relatives of the Kwerba languages The half dozen Kwerba languages form a small language family spoken in Jayapura Regency Jayapura Regency is one of the regencies (''kabupaten'') in Papua Province of Indonesia. It is situated to the west of but does not include the city of Ja .... References {{Papuan languages Languages of Indonesia Kwerbic languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kapauri–Sause Languages
The Kapauri–Sause (Kapori–Sause) languages form a small language family spoken along the middle Taritatu River in the Jayapura Regency Jayapura Regency is one of the regencies (''kabupaten'') in Papua Province of Indonesia. It is situated to the west of but does not include the city of Jayapura. Previously covering most of the north-east portion of Papua province, it was reduce ... of Papua, Indonesia. They are two languages, Kapauri (Kapori) and Sause, which are not particularly close. Classification There is a history of linking at least Kapauri to the Kaure languages (see Kaure–Kapori languages). However, they show no particular affiliation, and Kapauri appears to be closer to Kwerba. Usher demonstrated a connection instead with another erstwhile isolate, Sause, together forming a branch of Kwerbic. A partial reconstruction of proto-Kapauri–Sause can be found there. Proto-language Phonemes Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows. Apparen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massep Language
Massep (Masep, Potafa, Wotaf) is a poorly documented Papuan language spoken by fewer than 50 people in the single village of Masep in West Pantai District, Sarmi Regency, Papua. Despite the small number of speakers, however, language use is vigorous. It is surrounded by the Kwerba languages Airoran and Samarokena. Classification Clouse, Donohue, and Ma (2002) conclude that it definitely is not a Kwerba language, as it had been classified by Wurm (1975). They did not notice connections to any other language family. However, Usher (2018) classifies it as Greater Kwerbic. ''Ethnologue'', ''Glottolog'', and Foley (2018) list it as a language isolate, but it has not been included in wider surveys, such as Ross (2005). The pronouns are not dissimilar from those of Trans–New Guinea languages Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands ‒ corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isirawa Language
Isirawa is a Papuan language spoken by about two thousand people on the north coast of Papua province, Indonesia. It's a local trade language, and use is vigorous. Stephen Wurm (1975) linked it to the Kwerba languages within the Trans–New Guinea family, and it does share about 20% of its vocabulary with neighboring Kwerba languages. However, based on its pronouns, Malcolm Ross (2005) felt he could not substantiate such a link, and left it as a language isolate. The pronouns are not, however, dissimilar from those of Orya–Tor, which Ross links to Kwerba, and Donahue (2002) accept it as a Greater Kwerba language. Locations In Sarmi Regency, Isirawa is spoken in Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero, Nuerawar, Perkami, Siaratesa, Waim, Wari, and Webro villages. Grammar In Isirawa, the feminine gender is associated with big objects, and masculine with small objects; the opposite association is found in Tayap and the Sepik languages The Sepik or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Foja Range Languages
The Kwerbic, or Greater Kwerba, languages are a family of just under a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Indonesia. Classification The Kwerba family is clearly established. Its closest relative appears to be Isirawa. Mawes is added by Ross (2005), but not retained by Usher; Isirawa was rejected by Ross, but retained by Usher and by Donohue (2002). Usher also adds Kapauri–Sause. Capell (1962) proposed placing Kwerba and Isirawa in a Dani–Kwerba proposal, which was retained in Stephen Wurm's 1975 Trans–New Guinea phylum. Malcolm Ross (2005) removed them and linked them with another erstwhile branch of TNG in a Tor–Kwerba proposal. Usher follows Ross, but adds the Nimboran languages as well. Foley (2018) Foley (2018) provides the following classification. Usher (2020) Usher uses the label 'West Foja Range' to avoid the ambiguity of the name 'Kwerb(a/ic)'. Basic vocabulary Basic vocabulary in Kwerba family languages ( Isirawa, Kwerba, Kauwera, Samarokena) lis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republican Spelling System
The Republican Spelling System (in Indonesian: , when written in the current spelling system, or , when written in this spelling system) or Soewandi Spelling (in Indonesian: ) was the orthography used for Indonesian from 17 March 1947 until 1972. History The Republican Spelling System (in Indonesian: , when written in the current spelling system, or , when written in this spelling system) was the orthography used for Indonesian from 17 March 1947 until 1972. This spelling was also called Soewandi Spelling (in Indonesian: ) after the Indonesian Minister of Education () at the time. This spelling replaced the earlier spelling system, the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, which was in force from 1901. While it simplified the van Ophuijsen system somewhat (notably with the introduction of the letter ''u'' and the removal of diacritics), it retained other aspects of the old system, such as the Dutch-influenced digraphs ''ch'', ''dj'' and ''tj''. The Soewandi spelling was exposed to c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian Orthography
Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language. The current system uses the Latin alphabet and is called (EYD), commonly translated as ''Enhanced Spelling'', ''Perfected Spelling'' or ''Improved Spelling''. History The Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace the preexisting Republican Spelling System (''RSS'', also called the Soewandi Spelling System, ''SSS''). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Malay alphabet, Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies. The new EYD system, adopted on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day. Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Ministr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans–New Guinea Languages
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands ‒ corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia. Trans–New Guinea is the third-largest language family in the world by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people. There have been three main proposals as to its internal classification. History of the proposal Although Papuan languages for the most part are poorly documented, several of the branches of Trans–New Guinea have been recognized for some time. The Eleman languages were first proposed by S. Ray in 1907, parts of Marind were recognized by Ray and JHP Murray in 1918, and the Rai Coast languages in 1919, again by Ray. The precursor of the Trans–New Guinea family was Stephen Wurm's 1960 proposal of an East New Guinea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
