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The Sound Pattern Of English
''The Sound Pattern of English'' (frequently referred to as ''SPE'') is a 1968 work on phonology (a branch of linguistics) by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle. In spite of its title, it presents not only a view of the phonology of English, but also contains discussions of a large variety of phonological phenomena of many other languages. The index lists about 100 such languages. It has been very influential in both the field of phonology and in the analysis of the English language. Chomsky and Halle present a view of phonology as a linguistic subsystem, separate from other components of the grammar, that transforms an underlying phonemic sequence according to rules and produces as its output the phonetic form that is uttered by a speaker. The theory fits with the rest of Chomsky's early theories of language in the sense that it is transformational; as such it serves as a landmark in Chomsky's theories by adding a clearly articulated theory of phonology to his previous work which fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phonetic Form
In the field of linguistics, specifically in syntax, phonetic form (PF), also known as phonological form or the articulatory-perceptual (A-P) system, is a certain level of mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from surface structure, and related to Logical Form. Phonetic form is the level of representation wherein expressions, or sentences, are assigned a phonetic representation, which is then pronounced by the speaker. Phonetic form takes surface structure as its input, and outputs an audible (or visual, in the case of sign languages), pronounced sentence. This is part of the Y- or T-model of grammar within minimalist grammar, wherein the syntactic structure is constructed and then transferred (called spell-out) to both the Phonetic Form and the Logical Form. Operations in this branch of the model (between spell-out and pronunciation), the syntax-phonology interface, affect the pronunciation of the utterance but not its meaning. Within distributed morphology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harper & Row Books
Harper may refer to: Names * Harper (name), a surname and given name Places ;in Canada * Harper Islands, Nunavut *Harper, Prince Edward Island ;In the United States *Harper, former name of Costa Mesa, California in Orange County *Harper, Illinois * Harper, Indiana *Harper, Iowa *Harper, Kansas * Harper, Kentucky *Harper, Missouri *Harper, Logan County, Ohio *Harper, Ross County, Ohio *Harper, Oregon *Harper, Texas *Harper, Utah *Harper, Washington * Harper, Wyoming ;Elsewhere *Harper, Liberia * Harper River in Canterbury, New Zealand *Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom. Court cases * ''Harper'' ''v''. ''Virginia Board of Elections'', 383 U.S. 663 (1966), overruling ''Breedlove'' ''v''. ''Suttles'', 302 U.S. 277 (1937) Other uses * Harper, a harp player * ''Harper'' (film), a 1966 film starring Paul Newman and Lauren Bacall * Harper (publisher), an American publishing house, the imprint of global publisher HarperCollins *Harper College, a community college ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cognitive Science Literature
Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses all aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as: perception, attention, thought, intelligence, the formation of knowledge, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and computation, problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language. Imagination is also a cognitive process, it is considered as such because it involves thinking about possibilities. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and discover new knowledge. Cognitive processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of linguistics, musicology, anesthesia, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, education, philosophy, anthropology, biology, systemics, logic, and computer science. These and other approaches to the analysis of cognition (such as embodied cognition) a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Orthography
English orthography is the writing system used to represent spoken English, allowing readers to connect the graphemes to sound and to meaning. It includes English's norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Like the orthography of most world languages, English orthography has a broad degree of standardisation. This standardisation began to develop when movable type spread to England in the late 15th century. However, unlike with most languages, there are multiple ways to spell every phoneme, and most letters also have multiple pronunciations depending on their position in a word and the context. This is partly due to the large number of words that have been borrowed from a large number of other languages throughout the history of English, without successful attempts at complete spelling reforms, and partly due to accidents of history, such as some of the earliest mass-produced English publications being typeset by highly traine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Phonology
Like many other languages, English has wide variation in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect. In general, however, the regional dialects of English share a largely similar (but not identical) phonological system. Among other things, most dialects have vowel reduction in unstressed syllables and a complex set of phonological features that distinguish fortis and lenis consonants (stops, affricates, and fricatives). Phonological analysis of English often concentrates on or uses, as a reference point, one or more of the prestige or standard accents, such as Received Pronunciation for England, General American for the United States, and General Australian for Australia. Nevertheless, many other dialects of English are spoken, which have developed independently from these standardized accents, particularly regional dialects. Information about these standardized accents functions only as a ''limited'' guide to all of English phonology, which one can later expa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Books By Noam Chomsky
This is a list of writings published by the American author Noam Chomsky. Books and articles by Chomsky General * (2006). '' The Chomsky-Foucault Debate: On Human Nature'' (with Michel Foucault). New York: The New Press, distributed by W.W. Norton. * (2015). ''What Kind of Creatures Are We?''. Columbia University Press. . Linguistics A full bibliography is available on Chomsky'MIT homepage * * * * (1955). '' Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory''. (A typescript Chomsky wrote in preparation for his PhD thesis, including hand-written notes made in preparation for the 1975 book, is available as a 149 MiB919 page PDF) * * * * * * * * * &mdashProceedings as E-Book* * * * * * * (Reprint: ) * (1966). ''Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar''. * (1968) with Morris Halle. ''The Sound Pattern of English''. New York: Harper & Row. * (1968). '' Language and Mind''. * (1971). ''The Case Against B.F. Skinner''. New York Review of Books, December 30, 1971. * (197 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1968 Non-fiction Books
The year was highlighted by protests and other unrests that occurred worldwide. Events January–February * January 5 – " Prague Spring": Alexander Dubček is chosen as leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. * January 10 – John Gorton is sworn in as 19th Prime Minister of Australia, taking over from John McEwen after being elected leader of the Liberal Party the previous day, following the disappearance of Harold Holt. Gorton becomes the only Australian Senate, Senator to become Prime Minister, though he immediately transfers to the Australian House of Representatives, House of Representatives through the 1968 Higgins by-election in Holt's vacant seat. * January 15 – The 1968 Belice earthquake in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000. * January 21 ** Vietnam War: Battle of Khe Sanh – One of the most publicized and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on April 8. ** 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash: A U.S. B-52 Stratofortress cras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Kenstowicz
Michael John Kenstowicz (born August 18, 1945) is an American linguist and professor of linguistics at MIT Department of Linguistics and Philosophy. He is best known for his works on phonetics and phonology Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a .... His book '' Phonology in Generative Grammar'' is a coursebook taught across the world in phonology courses. He is an editor of '' Natural Language & Linguistic Theory'' since 1987. Books * '' Phonology in Generative Grammar'', Blackwell Publications 1994 * '' Generative Phonology: Description and Theory'', with Charles Kisseberth, Academic Press 1979 * ''Topics in Phonological Theory'', with Charles Kisseberth, Academic Press 1977 References External linksKenstowicz's CV {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenstowicz, Michael Linguists from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Brame
Michael K. Brame (January 27, 1944 — August 16, 2010) was an American linguist and professor at the University of Washington, and founding editor of the peer-reviewed research journal, ''Linguistic Analysis''. He was known for his theory of recursive categorical syntax. He also co-authored with his wife, Galina Popova, several books on the identity of the writer who used the pseudonym "William Shakespeare". Early life and education Michael Brame was born on January 27, 1944 in San Antonio, Texas. Brame started his study of linguistics at the University of Texas at Austin, receiving his BA in 1966. That summer he studied Egyptian Arabic at the American University of Cairo. That fall, Brame began a PhD program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studying under Morris Halle and Noam Chomsky, who was his adviser. He received his PhD in 1970 or 1971. His dissertation was titled ''Arabic Phonology: Implications for Phonological Theory and Historical Semitic''. Brame was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extrametricality
In linguistics, extrametricality is a tool for prosodic analysis of words in a language. In certain languages, a particular segment or prosodic unit of a word may be ignored for the purposes of determining the stress structure of the word. For example, in a language like classical Latin, where polysyllabic words never have stress on their final syllables, and the position of stress in a word is determined by looking at the penultimate and antepenultimate syllables only, it simplifies the linguistic formulation of the stress-assignment rules of Latin to say that the final syllable of a polysyllabic word is invisible to rules which determine stress. Bruce Hayes, "Extrametricality and English Stress", ''Linguistic Inquiry'', Volume 13, issue 2 (Spring 1982), pp. 234-235. Such invisibility is called "extrametricality" in linguistic terminology. This is purely a theoretical device — an extrametrical sound or syllable is not observed to have any special pronunciation, and extrametri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bruce Hayes (linguist)
Bruce Hayes (born June 9, 1955) is an American linguist and Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Los Angeles. Life He received his Ph.D. in 1980 from MIT, where his dissertation supervisor was Morris Halle. Hayes works in phonology, and is well known for his book ''Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies'', a typologically based theory of stress systems. His research interests also include phonetically based phonology and learnability. In 2009 Hayes was inducted as a Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America. He is married to phonetician Patricia Keating Patricia Ann Keating (born July 20, 1952) is an American linguist and noted phonetician. She is distinguished research professor emeritus at UCLAbr> Life She received her PhD in Linguistics at Brown University in 1980. In 1980 she joined the facu .... Books *(1985) ''A Metrical Theory of Stress Rules'', Garland Press, New York. *(1995) '' Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
