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The Fourth Estate (painting)
''The Fourth Estate'' ( it, Il quarto stato) is an oil painting by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo, originally titled ''The Path of Workers'' and made between 1898 and 1901. It depicts a moment during a labor strike when workers' representatives calmly and confidently stride out of a crowd to negotiate for the workers' rights. Its name refers to the working class as standing alongside the three traditional estates that divided power between the nobility, clergy, and commoners. Pellizza made three separate large-scale preliminary versions of the work to experiment with his divisionist representations of color. After his death, ''The Fourth Estate'' became a popular Italian socialist image and was reproduced extensively despite its initial shunning by formal art circles. Over time, its acclaim grew until it became recognized as one of the most important Italian paintings of the turn of the 20th century. The painting is now at the Galleria d'Arte Moderna in Milan. History 1891–1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giuseppe Pellizza Da Volpedo
Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo (28 July 1868 – 14 June 1907) was an Italian divisionist painter. He was born and died in Volpedo, in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Pellizza was a pupil of Pio Sanquirico. He used a divisionist technique in which a painting is created by juxtaposing small dots of paint according to specific color theory. Although he exhibited often, his work achieved popularity in death through their reproduction in socialist magazines and the acclaim they received from 20th century art critics. Biography Giuseppe Pellizza was born in Volpedo, of the Province of Alessandria on July 28, 1868, to Pietro and Maddalena Cantù and into a wealthy peasant family. He attended the technical school of Castelnuovo Scrivia, where he learned the first elements of drawing. Thanks to the knowledge gained with the commercialization of their products, the Pellizzas contacted the brothers Grubicy, who promoted the enrollment of Giuseppe in the Brera Academy. There, Pelliz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Studio Di Figura Maschile, Pellizza
A studio is an artist or worker's workroom. This can be for the purpose of acting, architecture, painting, pottery (ceramics), sculpture, origami, woodworking, scrapbooking, photography, graphic design, filmmaking, animation, industrial design, radio or television production broadcasting or the making of music. The term is also used for the workroom of dancers, often specified to dance studio. The word ''studio'' is derived from the , from , from ''studere'', meaning to study or zeal. The French term for studio, '' atelier'', in addition to designating an artist's studio is used to characterize the studio of a fashion designer. ''Studio'' is also a metonym for the group of people who work within a particular studio. :uz:Studiya Art studio The studio of any artist, especially from the 15th to the 19th centuries, characterized all the assistants, thus the designation of paintings as "from the workshop of..." or "studio of..." An art studio is sometimes called an atelier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parataxis
Parataxis (from el, παράταξις, "act of placing side by side"; from παρα, ''para'' "beside" + τάξις, ''táxis'' "arrangement") is a literary technique, in writing or speaking, that favors short, simple sentences, without conjunctions or with the use of coordinating, but not with subordinating conjunctions. It contrasts with syntaxis and hypotaxis. It is also used to describe a technique in poetry in which two images or fragments, usually starkly dissimilar images or fragments, are juxtaposed without a clear connection. Readers are then left to make their own connections implied by the paratactic syntax. Ezra Pound, in his adaptation of Chinese and Japanese poetry, made the stark juxtaposition of images an important part of English-language poetry. Etymology Edward Parmelee Morris wrote in 1901 that the term was introduced into linguistics by Friedrich Thiersch in his ''Greek Grammar'' (1831). The term has remained unchanged, but the concept of parataxis has e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie ( , ) is a social class, equivalent to the middle or upper middle class. They are distinguished from, and traditionally contrasted with, the proletariat by their affluence, and their great cultural and financial capital. They are sometimes divided into a petty (), middle (), large (), upper (), and ancient () bourgeoisie and collectively designated as "the bourgeoisie". The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the existence of cities, recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g., municipal charters, town privileges, German town law), so there was no bourgeoisie apart from the citizenry of the cities. Rural peasants came under a different legal system. In Marxist philosophy, the bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emilio Longoni
Emilio Longoni (July 9, 1859 – November 29, 1932) was an Italian painter. Biography He was born in Barlassina on July 9, 1859, fourth of twelve children, from Garibaldi’s volunteer and horseshoer Matteo Longoni and from tailor Luigia Meroni. Since he was a child he felt a great passion for painting. After he finished elementary school he was sent to Milan to work as a boy. From 1875, he first studied at the night school of the Brera Academy. In 1876, he joined the regular courses, along with Gaetano Previati and Giovanni Segantini, with whom he shared a studio in 1882. He exhibits at the Brera in 1880 and 1882. He spent time in Naples and Brianza during the years 1880-1884; during this decade, he mainly painted still lifes. At the 1891 Brera Trienale, he displayed ''Oratore dello sciopero'', his first Divisionist work. He moved on to painting landscapes. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plinio Nomellini
Plinio Nomellini (1866–1943) was an Italian painter. Biography Nomellini was born in Livorno in 1866. In 1885 he enrolled at the Florence Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied under Giovanni Fattori and formed friendships with Telemaco Signorini and Silvestro Lega as well as Giuseppe Pellizza some time later. At the 1886 Promotrice of Florence, he exhibited a portrait and a landscape of ''Un uliveto''; at the 1887 Mostra he exhibited ''L'incontro'' and ''Piano di Tombolo''. In 1888, he exhibited a ''Portrait of Nina Van Zandt'' and ''Il fieno''. At the Mostra held at the Società d'Incoraggiamento of Florence he displayed the following paintings: ''Al sole''; ''Sciopero''; ''La giornata è finita (The Journey is Finished)''; ''Fiore selvaggio''; ''Foce del Calambrone'', and ''The Summer of San Martino''. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strike Action
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to Labor (economics), work. A strike usually takes place in response to grievance (labour), employee grievances. Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when Labour economics, mass labor became important in factories and mines. As striking became a more common practice, governments were often pushed to act (either by private business or by union workers). When government intervention occurred, it was rarely neutral or amicable. Early strikes were often deemed unlawful conspiracies or anti-competitive cartel action and many were subject to massive legal repression by state police, federal military power, and federal courts. Many Western nations legalized striking under certain conditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Occasionally, strikes destabilize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarto Stato (Volpedo) Detail
''Quarto Stato'' (Italian: ''Fourth State'') is an Italian political review (1946–1950), closely associated with the Partito Socialista Italiano, the Italian Socialist Party. History and profile ''Quarto Stato'' was first published in Milan by Carlo Rosselli and Pietro Nenni on 27 March 1926. They also edited the magazine, which was close to the reformist Partito Socialista Unitario of Filippo Turati, Giacomo Matteotti and Claudio Treves, which had split from the PSI. The magazine was banned on 30 October 1926 after only a few months by the Fascist government, and its editors were imprisoned. See also * Italian Socialist Party * List of magazines in Italy In Italy there are many magazines. Following the end of World War II the number of weekly magazines significantly expanded. From 1970 feminist magazines began to increase in number in the country. The number of consumer magazines was 975 in 1995 ... References 1926 establishments in Italy 1950 disestablish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Jaurès
Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914), commonly referred to as Jean Jaurès (; oc, Joan Jaurés ), was a French Socialist leader. Initially a Moderate Republican, he later became one of the first social democrats and (in 1902) the leader of the French Socialist Party, which opposed Jules Guesde's revolutionary Socialist Party of France. The two parties merged in 1905 in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). An antimilitarist, Jaurès was assassinated in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I, but remains one of the main historical figures of the French Left. As a heterodox Marxist, Jaurès rejected the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat and tried to conciliate idealism and materialism, individualism and collectivism, democracy and class struggle, patriotism and internationalism. Early career The son of an unsuccessful businessman and farmer, Jean Jaurès was born in Castres, Tarn, into a modest French pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Name
A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal name identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a ''specific'' individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning as well) and is, when consisting of only one word, a proper noun. Other nouns are sometimes called "common names" or (obsolete) "general names". A name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child a name or a scientist can give an element a name. Etymology The word ''name'' comes from Old English ''nama''; cognate with Old High German (OHG) ''namo'', Sanskrit (''nāman''), Latin ''Roman naming conventions, nomen'', Greek language, Greek (''onoma''), and Persian language, Persian (''nâm''), from the Proto-Indo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proletarian
The proletariat (; ) is the social class of wage-earners, those members of a society whose only possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work). A member of such a class is a proletarian. Marxist philosophy considers the proletariat to be exploited under capitalism, forced to accept meager wages in return for operating the means of production, which belong to the class of business owners, the bourgeoisie. Marx argued that this oppression gives the proletariat common economic and political interests that transcend national boundaries, impelling them to unite and take over power from the capitalist class, and eventually to create a communist society free from class distinctions. Roman Republic and Empire The constituted a social class of Roman citizens who owned little or no property. The name presumably originated with the census, which Roman authorities conducted every five years to produce a register of citizens and their prope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impasto
''Impasto'' is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface thickly, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas. When dry, impasto provides texture; the paint appears to be coming ''out'' of the canvas. Origins The word ''impasto'' is Italian in origin; in which it means "dough" or "mixture"; related to the verb , "to knead", or "to paste". Italian usage of includes both a painting and a potting technique. According to Webster's ''New World College Dictionary'', the root noun of is , whose primary meaning in Italian is "paste". Mediums Oil paint is the traditional medium for impasto painting, due to its thick consistency and slow drying time. Acrylic paint can also be used for impasto by adding heavy body acrylic gels. Impasto is generally not used in watercolor or tempera without the addition of thickening agent due to the inherent thinness of these media. An artist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
