|
Tetrachloride
Tetrachloride may refer to: *Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, also known as carbon tet *Germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, a colourless liquid used as an intermediate in the production of purified germanium metal * Molybdenum tetrachloride, MoCl4 *Selenium tetrachloride, SeCl4 *Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4 *Tellurium tetrachloride, TeCl4 *Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4 *Uranium tetrachloride, UCl4, a dark green compound of uranium *Vanadium tetrachloride, VCl4, a bright red liquid and starting reagent in the preparation of vanadium compounds *Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl4, an intermediate in the conversion of zirconium minerals to metallic zirconium by the Kroll process. *Lead tetrachloride, PbCl4 *Tin(IV) chloride Tin(IV) chloride, also known as tin tetrachloride or stannic chloride, is an inorganic compound with the formula Sn Cl4. It is a colorless hygroscopic liquid, which fumes on contact with air. It is used as a precursor to other tin compounds. It w ..., SnCl4, also known a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (such as tetrachloromethane, also IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, recognised by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4. It is a colourless liquid with a "sweet" smell that can be detected at low levels. It is practically incombustible at lower temperatures. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants and as a cleaning agent, but has since been phased out because of environmental and safety concerns. Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system and degenerate the liver and kidneys. Prolonged exposure can be fatal. Properties In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically as corners in a tetrahedron, tetrahedral configuration joined to a central carbon atom by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silicon Tetrachloride
Silicon tetrachloride or tetrachlorosilane is the inorganic compound with the formula SiCl4. It is a colourless volatile liquid that fumes in air. It is used to produce high purity silicon and silica for commercial applications. Preparation Silicon tetrachloride is prepared by the chlorination of various silicon compounds such as ferrosilicon, silicon carbide, or mixtures of silicon dioxide and carbon. The ferrosilicon route is most common. In the laboratory, can be prepared by treating silicon with chlorine at : : It was first prepared by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1823. Brine can be contaminated with silica when the production of chlorine is a byproduct of a metal refining process from metal chloride ore. In rare occurrences, the silicon dioxide in silica is converted to silicon tetrachloride when the contaminated brine is electrolyzed. Reactions Hydrolysis and related reactions Like other chlorosilanes, silicon tetrachloride reacts readily with water: :SiCl4 + 2 H2O → SiO ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Titanium Tetrachloride
Titanium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is an important intermediate in the production of titanium metal and the pigment titanium dioxide. is a volatile liquid. Upon contact with humid air, it forms thick clouds of titanium dioxide () and hydrochloric acid, a reaction that was formerly exploited for use in smoke machines. It is sometimes referred to as "tickle" or "tickle 4" due to the phonetic resemblance of its molecular formula () to the word. Properties and structure is a dense, colourless distillable liquid, although crude samples may be yellow or even red-brown. It is one of the rare transition metal halides that is a liquid at room temperature, being another example. This property reflects the fact that molecules of weakly self-associate. Most metal chlorides are polymers, wherein the chloride atoms bridge between the metals. Its melting and boiling points are similar to those of . has a "closed" electronic shell, with the same numbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanium Tetrachloride
Germanium tetrachloride is a colourless, fuming liquid with a peculiar, acidic odour. It is used as an intermediate in the production of purified germanium metal. In recent years, GeCl4 usage has increased substantially due to its use as a reagent for fiber optic production. Production Most commercial production of germanium is from treating flue-dusts of zinc- and copper-ore smelters, although a significant source is also found in the ash from the combustion of certain types of coal called vitrain. Germanium tetrachloride is an intermediate for the purification of germanium metal or its oxide, GeO2."Germanium" Mineral Commodity Profile, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005. Germanium tetrachloride can be generated directly from GeO2 (germanium dioxide) by dissolution of the oxide in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The resulting mixture is fractionally distilled to purify and separate the germanium tetrachloride from other products and impurities."The Elements" C. R. Hammond, David R. Lide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uranium Tetrachloride
Uranium tetrachloride is an inorganic compound, a salt of uranium and chlorine, with the formula UCl4. It is a hygroscopic olive-green solid. It was used in the electromagnetic isotope separation (EMIS) process of uranium enrichment. It is one of the main starting materials for organouranium chemistry. Synthesis and structure Uranium tetrachloride is synthesised generally by the reaction of uranium trioxide (UO3) and hexachloropropene. Solvent UCl4 adducts can be formed by a simpler reaction of UI4 with hydrogen chloride in organic solvents. According to X-ray crystallography the uranium centers are eight-coordinate, being surrounded by eight chlorine atoms, four at 264 pm and the other four at 287pm. Chemical properties Dissolution in protic solvents is more complicated. When UCl4 is added to water the uranium aqua ion is formed. :UCl4 + H2O → (H2O)sup>4+ + 4Cl− The aqua ion (H2O)sup>4+, (x is 8 or 9) is strongly hydrolyzed. : (H2O)sup>4+ (H2O)(OH)sup>3+ + H+ T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vanadium Tetrachloride
Vanadium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula V Cl4. This bright red liquid serves as a useful reagent for the preparation of other vanadium compounds. Synthesis, bonding, basic properties With one more valence electron than diamagnetic TiCl4, VCl4 is a paramagnetic liquid. It is one of only a few paramagnetic compounds that is liquid at room temperature. VCl4 is prepared by chlorination of vanadium metal. VCl5 does not form in this reaction; Cl2 lacks the oxidizing power to attack VCl4. VCl5 can however be prepared indirectly from VF5 at −78 °C. In contrast, the heavier analogues NbCl5 and TaCl5 are stable and not particularly oxidizing. VF5 can be prepared directly by fluorination of vanadium metal, reflecting the increased oxidizing power of F2 vs Cl2. Indicative of its oxidizing power, VCl4 releases Cl2 at its boiling point (standard pressure) to afford VCl3. Reactions Consistent with its high oxidizing power, VCl4 reacts with HBr at - ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zirconium Tetrachloride
Zirconium(IV) chloride, also known as zirconium tetrachloride, () is an inorganic compound frequently used as a precursor to other compounds of zirconium. This white high-melting solid hydrolyzes rapidly in humid air. Structure Unlike molecular TiCl4, solid ZrCl4 adopts a polymeric structure wherein each Zr is octahedrally coordinated. This difference in structures is responsible for the disparity in their properties: is distillable, but is a solid. In the solid state, ZrCl4 adopts a tape-like linear polymeric structure—the same structure adopted by HfCl4. This polymer degrades readily upon treatment with Lewis bases, which cleave the Zr-Cl-Zr linkages. Synthesis This conversion entails treatment of the oxide with carbon as the oxide "getter" in the presence of chlorine at high temperature: :ZrO2 + 2 C + 2 Cl2 → ZrCl4 + 2 CO A laboratory scale process uses carbon tetrachloride in place of carbon and chlorine: :ZrO2 + 2 CCl4 → ZrCl4 + 2 COCl2 Applications Precursor to Zr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selenium Tetrachloride
Selenium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound composed with the formula SeCl4. This compound exists as yellow to white volatile solid. It is one of two commonly available selenium chlorides, the other example being selenium monochloride, Se2Cl2. SeCl4 is used in the synthesis of other selenium compounds. Synthesis and structure The compound is prepared by treating selenium with chlorine. When the reacting selenium is heated, the product sublimes from the reaction flask. The volatility of selenium tetrachloride can be exploited to purification of selenium. Solid SeCl4 is actually a tetrameric cubane-type cluster, for which the Se atom of an SeCl6 octahedron sits on four corners of the cube and the bridging Cl atoms sit on the other four corners. The bridging Se-Cl distances are longer than the terminal Se-Cl distances, but all Cl-Se-Cl angles are approximately 90°. SeCl4 has often been used as an example for teaching VSEPR rules of hypervalent molecules. As such, one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lead Tetrachloride
Lead tetrachloride, also known as lead(IV) chloride, has the molecular formula PbCl4. It is a yellow, oily liquid which is stable below 0 °C, and decomposes at 50 °C. It has a tetrahedral configuration, with lead as the central atom. The Pb– Cl covalent bonds have been measured to be 247 pm and the bond energy is 243 kJ⋅mol−1. Synthesis Lead tetrachloride can be made by reacting lead(II) chloride PbCl2, and hydrochloric acid HCl, in the presence of chlorine gas (Cl2), leading to the formation of chloroplumbic acid H2PbCl6. It is then converted to the ammonium salt (NH4)2PbCl6 by adding ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Finally, the solution is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid H2SO4, to separate out lead tetrachloride. This series of reactions is conducted at 0 °C. The following equations illustrate the reaction: :PbCl2 + 2HCl + Cl2 → H2PbCl6 :H2PbCl6 + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2PbCl6 + 2HCl :(NH4)2PbCl6 + H2SO4 → PbCl4+ 2HCl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molybdenum Tetrachloride
Molybdenum tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula MoCl4. The material exists as two polymorphs, both being dark-colored paramagnetic solids. These compounds are mainly of interest as precursors to other molybdenum complexes. Structure The α polymorph is a polymer. The β polymorph is a hexamer. In both polymorph, the Mo center is octahedral with two terminal chloride ligands and four doubly bridging ligands. In addition to these two binary phases, a number of adducts are know with the formula where L is a Lewis base. Preparation α-Molybdenum tetrachloride can be prepared from by dechlorination of molybdenum pentachloride using tetrachloroethene: : 2MoCl5 + C2Cl4 → 2MoCl4 + C2Cl6 Heating α-molybdenum tetrachloride in a sealed container in the presence of molybdenum pentachloride induces conversion to the β polymorph. Reactions When heated in an open container, molybdenum tetrachloride evolves chlorine, giving molybdenum trichloride; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tellurium Tetrachloride
Tellurium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula TeCl4. The compound is volatile, subliming at 200 °C at 0.1 mmHg. Molten TeCl4 is ionic, dissociating into TeCl3+ and Te2Cl102−. Structure TeCl4 is monomeric in the gas phase, with a structure similar to that of SF4. In the solid state, it is a tetrameric cubane-type cluster, consisting of a Te4Cl4 core and three terminal chloride ligands for each Te. Alternatively, this tetrameric structure can be considered as a Te4 tetrahedron with face-capping chlorines and three terminal chlorines per tellurium atom, giving each tellurium atom a distorted octahedral environment Synthesis TeCl4 is prepared by chlorination of tellurium powder: :Te + 2 Cl2 → TeCl4 The reaction is initiated with heat. The product is isolated by distillation. Applications TeCl4 is of occasional interest in organic synthesis. and It adds to alkenes to give Cl-C-C-TeCl3 derivatives, wherein the Te can be subsequentl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zirconium
Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name ''zirconium'' is taken from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to Persian '' zargun'' (zircon; ''zar-gun'', "gold-like" or "as gold"). It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium forms a variety of inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium dioxide and zirconocene dichloride, respectively. Five isotopes occur naturally, four of which are stable. Zirconium compounds have no known biological role. Characteristics Zirconium is a lustrous, greyish-white, soft, ductile, malleable metal that is solid at room temperature, though it is hard and brittle at lesser purities. In powder form, zirconium is highl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
