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Testacea Species Group
The ''Drosophila testacea'' species group belongs to the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus Drosophila, and contains 4 species: '' Drosophila putrida'', ''Drosophila neotestacea'', '' Drosophila testacea'', and ''Drosophila orientacea''.Grimaldi, James, and Jaenike. 1992. Systematics and Modes of Reproductive Isolation in the Holarctic Drosophila testacea Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/85/6/671/2759036 Testacea species are specialist mushroom-feeding flies, and can metabolize toxic compounds in ''Amanita'' mushrooms. The Testacea species group is studied for its specialist ecology, population genetics, and bacterial endosymbionts. The North American species ''Drosophila neotestacea'' is perhaps the best-studied of the group for its interactions with parasitic wasps and nematodes, bacterial endosymbionts, and trypanosomatid parasites. Of note, selfish X chromosomes (a form of meiotic drive) have been discovered in three ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Neotestacea
''Drosophila neotestacea'' is a member of the ''testacea'' species group of ''Drosophila''. Testacea species are specialist fruit flies that breed on the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. These flies will choose to breed on psychoactive mushrooms such as the Fly Agaric '' Amanita muscaria''. ''Drosophila neotestacea'' can be found in temperate regions of North America, ranging from the north eastern United States to western Canada. Immunity ''Drosophila neotestacea'' and other mushroom-breeding Drosophila have been studied extensively for their interactions with '' Howardula'' nematode parasites, particularly ''Howardula aoronymphium''. Unlike related species, ''D. neotestacea'' is sterilized by ''H. aoronymphium'' infection. The genetic basis of this susceptibility is unknown, and is nematode-dependent. For instance, a related ''Howardula'' species from Japan does not sterilize ''D. neotestacea'', even though the European and North American ''Howardula'' species do. Moreover, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinaria Species Group
The ''Drosophila quinaria'' species group is a speciose lineage of mushroom-feeding flies studied for their specialist ecology, their parasites, population genetics, and the evolution of immune systems. Quinaria species are part of the Drosophila subgenus. Mushroom-feeding ecology Quinaria group species are commonly found on wild mushrooms, and can metabolize toxic compounds in ''Amanita'' mushrooms, such as ibotenic acid and alpha-amanitin. Mushroom sites also host a number of natural enemies. For instance, as a consequence of their mushroom-feeding ecology, Quinaria species are frequently infected by nematodes of the genus ''Howardula''. Some Quinaria species are more or less susceptible to nematode parasitization, though the immunological reasons remain unclear. One possibility to explain this variance is differences in defensive bacterial symbionts. However another could be natural resource use, as most eukaryotes are unable to withstand the toxins in ''Amanita'' mushroom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Howardula Aoronymphium
''Howardula aoronymphium'' is a species of nematode that infects specialist mushroom-feeding fruit flies such as ''Drosophila falleni'' and ''Drosophila neotestacea''. Mated female nematodes pierce the fly larva cuticle and take up residence in the hemolymph (insect blood) where they mature alongside the fly. When the adult fly ecloses, the nematode motherworm has reached full size and sheds juvenile nematodes into the hemolymph which are eventually excreted by either the fly anus or ovipositor. '' Howardula'' nematodes can severely impact fly egg development, as infection can effectively sterilize some species. ''Howardula aoronymphium'' are attracted to mushroom sites by cuing in on specific odourants that are common in rotting mushrooms. However the odourants that attract ''H. aoronymphium'' to mushrooms are different from the odours that attract its fly host '' D. falleni''. Yet when ''D. falleni'' are infected by ''H. aoronymphium'', their olfactory preferences differ. Infecte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiroplasma Poulsonii
''Spiroplasma poulsonii'' are bacteria of the genus ''Spiroplasma'' that are commonly endosymbionts of flies. These bacteria live in the hemolymph (insect blood) of the flies, where they can act as reproductive manipulators or defensive symbionts. Biology ''Spiroplasma poulsonii'' is a maternally transmitted symbiont, meaning it is primarily inherited through the female germ line. This involves the co-option of the fly yolk proteins, which allow the symbiont to enter the developing ovary. In the fly hemolymph, ''S. poulsonii'' feeds on lipids as its primary food source. Male-killing The ''Drosophila melanogaster'' ''S. poulsonii'' strain MSRO kills ''D. melanogaster'' eggs fertilized by Y-bearing sperm. This mode of reproductive manipulation benefits the symbiont as the female fly has a greater reproductive output than males. Thus, by increasing the number of daughters the fly mother produces, the symbiont increases its ability to spread through the increased reproductive outpu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Tripunctata
''Drosophila tripunctata'' is a species of vinegar fly in the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus Drosophila ''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species .... References Further reading * tripunctata Articles created by Qbugbot Insects described in 1862 {{drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Cardini
''Drosophila cardini'' is a species of fruit fly in the Drosophila cardini species group. References Further reading * cardini Articles created by Qbugbot Insects described in 1916 {{drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Quinaria Species Group
The ''Drosophila quinaria'' species group is a speciose lineage of mushroom-feeding flies studied for their specialist ecology, their parasites, population genetics, and the evolution of immune systems. Quinaria species are part of the Drosophila subgenus. Mushroom-feeding ecology Quinaria group species are commonly found on wild mushrooms, and can metabolize toxic compounds in ''Amanita'' mushrooms, such as ibotenic acid and alpha-amanitin. Mushroom sites also host a number of natural enemies. For instance, as a consequence of their mushroom-feeding ecology, Quinaria species are frequently infected by nematodes of the genus '' Howardula''. Some Quinaria species are more or less susceptible to nematode parasitization, though the immunological reasons remain unclear. One possibility to explain this variance is differences in defensive bacterial symbionts. However another could be natural resource use, as most eukaryotes are unable to withstand the toxins in ''Amanita'' mushroo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Bizonata
''Drosophila bizonata'' is a species of fruit fly in the ''Drosophila bizonata'' species group in the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the ''Drosophila'' subgenus. ''Drosophila bizonata'' is found in Japan. ''D. bizonata'' breeds and feeds exclusively on mushrooms, and has a high tolerance for ibotenic acid, a toxic compound found in ''Amanita The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities result ...'' mushrooms. References External links Diptera.info Insects described in 1938 bizonata {{Drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Testacea With Upward-turned Presutural Seta In Focus (orange Arrow)
''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies (sometimes referred to as "true fruit flies"); tephritids feed primarily on unripe or ripe fruit, with many species being regarded as destructive agricultural pests, especially the Mediterranean fruit fly. One species of ''Drosophila'' in particular, ''D. melanogaster'', has been heavily used in research in genetics and is a common model organism in developmental biology. The terms "fruit fly" and "''Drosophila''" are often used synonymously with ''D. melanogaster'' in modern biological literature. The entire genus, however, contains more than 1,500 species and is very diverse in appearance, be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meiotic Drive
Meiotic drive is a type of intragenomic conflict, whereby one or more loci within a genome will effect a manipulation of the meiotic process in such a way as to favor the transmission of one or more alleles over another, regardless of its phenotypic expression. More simply, meiotic drive is when one copy of a gene is passed on to offspring more than the expected 50% of the time. According to Buckler et al., "Meiotic drive is the subversion of meiosis so that particular genes are preferentially transmitted to the progeny. Meiotic drive generally causes the preferential segregation of small regions of the genome". Meiotic drive in plants The first report of meiotic drive came from Marcus Rhoades who in 1942 observed a violation of mendelian segregation ratios for the R locus - a gene controlling the production of the purple pigment anthocyanin in maize kernels - in a maize line carrying abnormal chromosome 10. This violation of mendelian segregation was later shown to be the result ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. The most recent rigorous estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotes is between 8 and 8.7 million. However, only about 14% of these had been described by 2011. All species (except viruses) are given a two-part name, a "binomial". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet (in botanical nomenclature, also sometimes i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita
The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-Amanitin. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other than experts, from selecting any of these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of ''Amanita'' are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are ''Amanita zambiana'' and other fleshy species in central Africa, ''Amanita basii, A. basii'' and similar species in Mexico, ''Amanita caesarea, A. caesarea'' and the "Blusher" ''Amanita rubescens'' in Europe, and ''Amanita chepangiana, A. chepangiana'' in South-East Asia. Other s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
