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Ternary Computers
A ternary computer, also called trinary computer, is one that uses ternary logic (i.e., base 3) instead of the more common binary system (i.e., base 2) in its calculations. Ternary computers use trits, instead of binary bits. Types of states Ternary computing deals with three discrete states, but the ternary digits themselves can be defined differently: Ternary quantum computers use qutrits rather than trits. A qutrit is a quantum state that is a complex unit vector in three dimensions, which can be written as , \Psi\rangle = \alpha, 0\rangle + \beta, 1\rangle + \gamma, 2\rangle in the bra-ket notation. The labels given to the basis vectors (, 0\rangle, , 1\rangle, , 2\rangle) can be replaced with other labels, for example those given above. History One early calculating machine, built entirely from wood by Thomas Fowler in 1840, operated in balanced ternary. The first modern, electronic ternary computer, Setun, was built in 1958 in the Soviet Union at the Moscow Stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ternary Logic
In logic, a three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which there are three truth values indicating ''true'', ''false'', and some third value. This is contrasted with the more commonly known bivalent logics (such as classical sentential or Boolean logic) which provide only for ''true'' and ''false''. Emil Leon Post is credited with first introducing additional logical truth degrees in his 1921 theory of elementary propositions. The conceptual form and basic ideas of three-valued logic were initially published by Jan Łukasiewicz and Clarence Irving Lewis. These were then re-formulated by Grigore Constantin Moisil in an axiomatic algebraic form, and also extended to ''n''-valued logics in 1945. Pre-discovery Around 1910, Charles Sanders Peirce defined a many-valued logic system. He never published it. In fact, he did not even number the three pages of notes where he defined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binary Numeral System
A binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, a method for representing numbers that uses only two symbols for the natural numbers: typically "0" ( zero) and "1" ( one). A ''binary number'' may also refer to a rational number that has a finite representation in the binary numeral system, that is, the quotient of an integer by a power of two. The base-2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Each digit is referred to as a bit, or binary digit. Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices, as a preferred system of use, over various other human techniques of communication, because of the simplicity of the language and the noise immunity in physical implementation. History The modern binary number system was studied in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries by Thomas Harrio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ternary Large Language Model
A 1.58-bit Large Language Model (1.58-bit LLM, also ternary LLM) is a version of a Transformer (deep learning architecture), transformer large language model with weights using only three values: -1, 0, and +1. This restriction theoretically allows the model to replace costly multiplications with additions and reduce the storage memory. Since the end-task performance and Perplexity (LLM), perplexity of the 1.58-bit LLMs, at least for smaller model sizes (up to 3-4B parameters), are close to their "full precision" (16-bit FP16 or BF16) counterparts, this design allows reaching the same artificial intelligence goals with much lower hardware requirements, latency, and training effort. The name comes from a fact that a single Ternary numeral system, trit, a ternary arithmetic equivalent of a bit that can take the values, carries log_2 3 \approx 1.58 bits of information. The 1.58-bit LLM models are also called 1-bit LLMs (the true 1-bit models also exist). BitNet In 2024, Ma et al., ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josephson Junction
In physics, the Josephson effect is a phenomenon that occurs when two superconductors are placed in proximity, with some barrier or restriction between them. The effect is named after the British physicist Brian Josephson, who predicted in 1962 the mathematical relationships for the current and voltage across the weak link. :Also in It is an example of a macroscopic quantum phenomenon, where the effects of quantum mechanics are observable at ordinary, rather than atomic, scale. The Josephson effect has many practical applications because it exhibits a precise relationship between different physical measures, such as voltage and frequency, facilitating highly accurate measurements. The Josephson effect produces a current, known as a supercurrent, that flows continuously without any voltage applied, across a device known as a Josephson junction (JJ). These consist of two or more superconductors coupled by a weak link. The weak link can be a thin insulating barrier (known as a sup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physica Scripta
''Physica Scripta'' is an international scientific journal for experimental and theoretical physics. It was established in 1970 as the successor of ''Arkiv för Fysik'' and published by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA). Since 2006, it has been published by IOP Publishing with the endorsement of the KVA. The journal covers both experimental and theoretical physics, with an accent on atomic, molecular and optical physics, plasma physics, condensed matter physics and mathematical physics. Abstracting, indexing, and impact factor According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 2.6. It is indexed in the following bibliographic databases: * Chemical Abstracts *Science Citation Index Expanded *Compendex * GeoRef *Inspec *Scopus *Zentralblatt MATH zbMATH Open, formerly Zentralblatt MATH, is a major reviewing service providing reviews and abstracts for articles in pure and applied mathematics, produced by the Berlin office of FIZ Kar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optical Computer
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties. Most optical phenomena can be accounted for by using the classical electromagnetic description of light, however complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are often difficult to apply in practice. Practical optics is usually done using simplified models. The most common of these, geometric optics, treats light as a collection of rays that travel in straight lines and bend when they pass through or reflect from surfaces. Physical optics is a more comprehensive model of light, which includes wave effects such as diffraction and interference that cann ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donald Knuth
Donald Ervin Knuth ( ; born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is the 1974 recipient of the ACM Turing Award, informally considered the Nobel Prize of computer science. Knuth has been called the "father of the analysis of algorithms". Knuth is the author of the multi-volume work '' The Art of Computer Programming''. He contributed to the development of the rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms and systematized formal mathematical techniques for it. In the process, he also popularized the asymptotic notation. In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces. As a writer and scholar, Knuth created the WEB and CWEB computer programming systems des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maeil Business Newspaper
The Maeil Business Newspaper (), also simply known as Maekyung (derived from the pronunciation of the Korean name) or MK, is a comprehensive daily newspaper published in South Korea, first issued on March 24, 1966. The president of the publishing company is Chang Dae-whan. Initially, it started as a weekly economic newspaper and was published under the name "Maeil Economic Week". After that, in 1970, it was converted to the Daily Economic Newspaper and changed its name to "Maeil Business Newspaper". Description Maeil Business Newspaper operates several YouTube channels, including WallGa Wallbu (243,000 subscribers), GiAntTV (207,000 subscribers), Maeburi TV (236,000 subscribers), and World Knowledge Forum (94,800 subscribers). As of March 2024, it boasts approximately 800,000 subscribers across these platforms. Since its inception in October 2000, the World Knowledge Forum has hosted 5,832 global speakers and 62,821 participants from 82 countries. Notable attendees include ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samsung
Samsung Group (; stylised as SΛMSUNG) is a South Korean Multinational corporation, multinational manufacturing Conglomerate (company), conglomerate headquartered in the Samsung Town office complex in Seoul. The group consists of numerous affiliated businesses, most of which operate under the Samsung brand, and is the largest (business conglomerate) in South Korea. Samsung has the world's List of most valuable brands, fifth-highest brand value. Founded in 1938 by Lee Byung-chul as a trading company, Samsung diversified into various sectors, including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities, and retail, over the next three decades. In the late 1960s, Samsung entered the electronics industry, followed by the construction and shipbuilding sectors in the mid-1970s—areas that would fuel its future growth. After Lee died in 1987, Samsung was divided into five business groups: Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group, Hansol Group, and JoongAng Ilbo, JoongAng Group. K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulsan National Institute Of Science And Technology
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST; ), is one of the four public universities in South Korea which are dedicated to research in science and technology, along with KAIST, GIST, and DGIST. UNIST was founded in 2007 in response to growing demand for higher education in the Korean industrial capital of Ulsan, where automotive (Hyundai Motor), shipbuilding (Hyundai Heavy Industries), petrochemical (SK Energy), and secondary cells industries are clustered. At the time of its foundation, UNIST was known for being the first national university in South Korea to be incorporated and thus administered by an independent board of trustees despite being funded by the central government. History Despite the fact that Ulsan, with over 1.1 million residents, is an industrial powerhouse of South Korea with the highest GDP per capita among any region in the country, there only existed one university within the city limits, the University of Ulsan. The former president R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leakage Current
In electronics, leakage is the gradual transfer of electrical energy across a boundary normally viewed as insulating, such as the spontaneous discharge of a charged capacitor, magnetic coupling of a transformer with other components, or flow of current across a transistor in the "off" state or a reverse-polarized diode. In capacitors Gradual loss of energy from a charged capacitor is primarily caused by electronic devices attached to the capacitors, such as transistors or diodes, which conduct a small amount of current even when they are turned off. Even though this off current is an order of magnitude less than the current through the device when it is on, the current still slowly discharges the capacitor. Another contributor to leakage from a capacitor is from the undesired imperfection of some dielectric materials used in capacitors, also known as ''dielectric leakage''. It is a result of the dielectric material not being a perfect insulator and having some non-zero cond ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer
A computer is a machine that can be Computer programming, programmed to automatically Execution (computing), carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (''computation''). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as Computer program, ''programs'', which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a nominally complete computer that includes the Computer hardware, hardware, operating system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation; or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. A broad range of Programmable logic controller, industrial and Consumer electronics, consumer products use computers as control systems, including simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, and factory devices like industrial robots. Computers are at the core of general-purpose devices ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
