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Surakat
Surakat Sado-Orsoy ( Chechen : ''Эла Суракат'') was the ruler of the Avar Khanate from the early 1360s (possibly 1362) to 1396 and the prince ("Ela") of the Princedom of Simsim from 1396 to the early 1430s. He was the brother of Khour II and also his tributary. In 1396, following his defeat during Timur's campaign in mountainous Dagestan, he was forced to flee Avaria along with his entire family for Simsir, where he rebuilt his power, and, after allying with the Kingdom of Georgia, carried out several successful attacks on Timur's army in the mountains of today's Chechnya.{{Cite book , last=Тесаев , first=З.А. , title=Чеченская "География" XV века, составленная по данным ученого-богослова и путешественника Адина Вазара / З.А. Тесаев Грозный: АО "ИПК «Грозненский рабочий" , publisher=АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК ЧЕЧЕНСКОЙ РЕСПУБ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timurid Invasions Of Simsir
The Timurid invasion of Simsim was a military conflict in the last quarter of the 14th century to the early 1430s between the Timurid Empire and the Princedom of Simsim, today located on the territory of modern day Chechnya and Ingushetia. Due to Simsim's involvement in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war, Timur invaded and devastated the country forcing the population to flee into the highlands. The resistance continued however and after a series of successful counter-campaigns conducted by Surakat, the Timurids withdrew from the region. The conflict ended in a failure of the Timurid Empire to subjugate the people nor being able to completely conquer the highlands. The Avakhar (Aukh) also took part in this conflict, first while fighting against the ally of Simsim, the Golden Horde, with the support of Timur, but then later went on to show support to their southern neighbor, thus also participating in a war against the Timurid Empire. Insurgency in Aukh Unlike its southern neighbor, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princedom Of Simsim
The Princedom of Simsim ( Chechen: ''Шему/Шема'') — was a medieval Chechen state which, at the peak of it's power, stretched from the Terek River in the West to today's Dagestan in the East, while it's tributaries encomapassed almost all of todays Dagestan as well as Northern Azerbaijan, including the city Shemakha. It was established by Khour II after the Durdzuk reconquest of the plains in 1362, and the name of the state may have derived from the Chechen town Simsar (today called Simsir), which is not to be confused with the Dagestani village of the same name. The state was eventually ravaged and almost destroyed during the main Timurid invasion between 1395 to 1396, before being revived by its last ruler, Surakat, under whom the Princedom continued its existence for more than 30 years. Etymology According to Murtazaliev, the word "Sim" is a Turkic distortion of the Chechen word "Shem", which has been used by the chroniclers of Timur. "The gates of Simsim" is ment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khour II
Khour II ( Chechen: Эла Хоур/Ховра II, Russian: Каир-мек, Persian: Gayur-Khan) was a Chechen king that ruled the Simsir Princedom in the 14th century. He was named after Great Grandfather Khour I, which trasnlates to "Wise" or "Knowing" in the Chechen language. Khour was born into the powerful Sado-Orsoy clan that historically ruled Chechen, Ingush and Alan lands. During the 14th century, the very same clan managed to establish an independent Vainakh kingdom by the name Simsim (also referred to as "Shemu") that prospered until the invasion of Timur. Family line *Khasi I **Khour I ***Chakhig ****Khasi II *****Khour II ******Makhama ***** Surakat ******Bayr ******Sarka Background and historical references The earliest Historical reference to Khour comes in the form of a biography about Timur called Zafarnama from the 15th century. The biography was commissioned during the reign of Ibrahim Sultan, the grandson of Timur. The Zafarname has two versions from two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avar Khanate
The Avar Khanate, the Avar Nutsaldom ( av, Avar Nutsallhi; russian: Аварское ханство), also known as Khundzia or Avaria, was a long-lived Avar state, which controlled mountainous parts of Dagestan (in the North Caucasus) from the early 13th century to the 19th century. History Between the 5th and 12th centuries, Georgian Orthodox Christianity was introduced to the Avar valleys. The fall of the Christian Kingdom of Sarir in the early 12th century and later weakening of neighbouring Georgians by the Mongol invasions, who made their first appearance in the Caucasus with approximately 20,000 warriors led by Subutai and Jebe, terminated further Christian Georgian presence in this area. In fact, numerous traces of Christianity (crosses, chapels) are found within the Avar territory and it is now assumed that Christianity, penetrating from Georgia, survived among the Avars down to the 14th-15th centuries. After ravaging Georgia, the Mongols cut across the Caucasus Mount ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khour Ela
Ela Khour II ( Chechen: Хоур-Эла, Russian: Каир-мек, Persian: Gayur-Khan) was a Chechen king that ruled the Simsir Kingdom in the 14th century. The name "Khour-Ela" translates as "Wise king" in Chechen language, "Khour" is an old Chechen name and Ela was a title for a King or Prince (Khan/Bek). Khour was born into the powerful Sado-Orsoy clan that historically ruled in the Chebarla and Vedeno regions of Chechnya. During the 14th century, the very same clan managed to unify several Chechen clans into a single kingdom called Simsir that prospered until the invasion of Timur. Background and historical references The earliest Historical reference to Khour comes in the form of a biography about Timur called Zafarnama from the 15th century. The biography was commissioned during the reign of Ibrahim Sultan, the grandson of Timur. The Zafarname has two versions from two different Persian authors named Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. Both biographies speak o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khunzakh
Khunzakh ( av, Хунзахъ, , russian: Хунзах) is a rural locality (a '' selo'') and the administrative center of Khunzakhsky District in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located in the North Caucasus mountains above sea level. Population: History It is widely accepted among historians that in the period of 5th to 12th century AD, Khunzakh, known as Humraj, was the capital of Sarir, a powerful Christian state in the mountains of Caucasus. Khunzakh served as the capital of the Caucasian Avar Khanate from the early 13th century until the Caucasian War which ended with the annexation of the khanate into Russia in 1864. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Avarsky Okrug. Culture Khunzakh is considered the cultural heart of the Caucasian Avar region. Notable Natives Heroes of Socialist Labor: * Khazha Murtuzalievna Lokalova (December 15, 1920-2001), teacher of the Khunzakh secondary school (Dagestan ASSR), Hero of Socialist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khasi II
Khasi II ( Chechen: ''Эла Хаси II'' "''Prince Khasi II''") was a Chechen ruler and the king of the Durdzuks and Alans, although his reign was not recognized by the highlanders. He belonged to the Sado-Orsoy dynasty of Chechnya and was the successor of Chakh. Family and descendants *Khasi I **Khour I *** Chakh ****Khasi II ***** Khour II ******Makhama ***** Surakat ******Bayr ******Sarka Reign Between the years 1318–1319, 40 years after the last major confrontation between the North Caucasians and the Mongol Empire, Khasi launched a failed uprising against the Mongol Empire, which may have been the reason as to why Özbeg Khan set up his headquarters on the Sunzha River. Although his reign was not recognized by the Alans and Durdzuks, the uprising was supported by the highlanders. Khasi, unlike his ancestors, was a Muslim. However, according to other versions, Khasi, because of his religion, corporated with the Golden Horde and ran a pro-Mongol administration of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khour I
Khour I ( Chechen: ''Эла Ховра''), sometimes also referred to as Mokhtsur ( Chechen: ''Мохцур'') was a Chechen leader and self proclaimed ruler of the Durdzuks and Alans from 1241 to 1252 as well as the leader of the Insurgency in Durdzuketi. He belonged to the powerful Sado-Orsoy clan. Family and descendants * Khasi I ** Atachi ** Khour I *** Chakh **** Khasi II ***** Khour II ****** Makhama ***** Surakat ****** Bayr ****** Sarka Early life In the early 1200s, he was sent on two major campaigns together with the Georgian commander Ivane Mkhargrdzeli: The first being the invasion and pacification of the region Mingrelia, while the second being the invasion of Circassia. In the Sadoy village in Southeastern Chechnya, there is a place called "Khovri aul" ( Chechen: ''Ховри аул''), which is said to have been the personal estate of Khour. Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi and Alania Campaign in Circassia Before the start of the Main Mongol campa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chakhig
Chakh ( Chechen: ''Эла Чах''), sometimes also referred to as Chakhig ( Chechen: ''Эла Чахиг''), was a Chechen ruler and the king of the Alans and Durdzuks from 1253 to 1278 as well as the leader of the Uprising of the North Caucasians, which is also commonly referred to as the Dedyakov rebellion. Chakh belonged to the powerful Sado-Orsoy dynasty of Chechnya and was the successor of Khour I. ''Chakh'' (Or ''Chakhig'') means "redheaded" in the Chechen language. Family and descendants * Khasi I ** Khour I *** Chakh **** Khasi II ***** Khour II ****** Makhama ***** Surakat ****** Bayr ****** Sarka Early life Chakh was born in 1240, shortly after his mother, Esirat, managed to escape Maghas through a secret passage into Cheberloy, as it was besieged by the Mongols. Chakh, along with his father was also one of the survivors of the persecution of the royal house by the Mongols, and through him, the ruling family survived. Chakh-Aul, a place in the Orsoy town, was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timur
Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Küregen''), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tusheti
Tusheti ( ka, თუშეთი) is a historic region in northeast Georgia. Geography Located on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, Tusheti is bordered by the Russian republics of Chechnya and Dagestan to the north and east, respectively; and by the Georgian historic provinces Kakheti and Pshav-Khevsureti to the south and west, respectively. The population of the area is mainly ethnic Georgian people, Georgians called Tushs or Tushetians ( ka, tushebi). Historically, Tusheti comprised four mountain communities: the Tsova (living in the Tsova Gorge), the Gometsari (living along the banks of the Tushetis Alazani River), the Pirikiti (living along the banks of the Pirikitis Alazani River) and the Chaghma, living close to the confluence of the two rivers). Administratively speaking, Tusheti is now part of the ''raioni'' of Akhmeta, itself part of Georgia's eastern region of Kakheti. The largest village in Tusheti is Omalo. History The area is thought to have l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nakh Peoples
The Nakh peoples, also known as ''Vainakh peoples'' (Chechen/Ingush: , apparently derived from Chechen , Ingush "our people"; also Chechen-Ingush), are a group of Caucasian peoples identified by their use of the Nakh languages and other cultural similarities. These are chiefly the ethnic Chechen (including the Chechen sub-ethnos, the Kists, in Georgia), Ingush and Bats peoples of the North Caucasus, including closely related minor or historical groups. The ethnonym "Nakhchi" Nakh peoples and Vainakh peoples are two terms that were coined by Soviet ethnographers such as the Ingush ethnographer Zaurbek Malsagov. The reasoning behind the creation of these terms was to unite the closely related nations of Chechen and Ingush into one term. The terms "Vainakh" (our people) and "Nakh" (people) were first used as a term to unite two peoples in 1928. It was subsequently popularized by other Soviet authors, poets, and historians such as Mamakaev and Volkova in their research. Accor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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